Cancer 1

Question 1

cancer risk factors

Answer 1

Age
Alcohol consumption
Cancer-causing substances
Chronic inflammation
Diet
Hormones
Immunosuppression
Infectious agents
Obesity
Radiation
Sunlight
Tobacco

Question 2

symptoms of cancer
change in __ or __ habits
a __ that does not heal
unusual __ or __
thickening or __ somewhere
indigestion or difficulty __
obvious change in a __ or __
nagging __ or hoarsness

Answer 2

change in bowel or bladder habits
a sore that does not heal
unusual bleeding or discharge
thickening or lump somewhere
indigestion or difficulty swallowing
obvious change in a wart or mole
nagging cough or hoarsness

Question 3

__ of annual cancer deaths in the US are attributed to nutrition and lifestyles

Answer 3

1/3 of annual cancer deaths in the US are attributed to nutrition and lifestyles

Question 4

ppl with cancer and inadequate intake/reduced absorption of nutrients are at risk for __

Answer 4

ppl with cancer and inadequate intake/reduced absorption of nutrients are at risk for protein-calorie malnutrition

Question 5

6 key lifestyle choices to reduce cancer risk
1. not __
2. increasing __
3. maintain __ and avoid __ as an adult
4. eat __
5. take a __ daily
6. avoid long-term use of postmenopausal __

Answer 5

6 key lifestyle choices to reduce cancer risk
1. not smoking
2. increasing physical
3. maintain healthy weight and avoid weight gain as an adult
4. eat a diet rich in fruits, veg, whole grains
5. take a multivitamin daily
6. avoid long-term use of postmenopausal hormone therapy

Question 6

nutrition related side effects
chemotherapy + radiation therapy + hematopoietic cell transplant

Answer 6

anorexia
nausea/vomiting
mucositis

Question 7

chemotherapy unique side effects

Answer 7

taste alterations
metallic taste
xerostomia
lactose intolerance
thrush

Question 8

radiation unique side effects

Answer 8

taste alteration
dysphagia
dental caries
loss of teeth
swollen tender gums
change of smell
trismus (jaw muscle spasm)
malabsorption
fistulas

Question 9

hematopoietic cell transplant unique side effects

Answer 9

early satiety
intestinal bleeding
renal impairment
oxteoporosis
endocrine complications
iron overload

Question 10

obesity and cancer risk (3)

Answer 10

1. adipose tissue
2. hyperinsulinemia
3. inflammation

Question 11

obesity:
increased __ uptake –> decrease PHD3 expression –> __ -> __ suppression

Answer 11

obesity:
increased fatty acid uptake –> decrease PHD3 expression –> fatty acid oxidation -> T-cell suppression

Question 12

__ T cell is inhibited from antitumor immunity like in lean patients

Answer 12

CD8+ T cell is inhibited from antitumor immunity like in lean patients

Question 13

starvation
weight:
appetitie:
energy expenditure:
protein metabolism:
body fat:
carb metabolism:
glycogen stores:
glucose tolerance:

Answer 13

starvation
weight: decreased
appetitie: good
energy expenditure: decreased
protein metabolism: decreased
body fat: decreased
carb metabolism:
glycogen stores: decreased
glucose tolerance: normal

Question 14

cachexia
weight:
appetitie:
energy expenditure:
protein metabolism:
body fat:
carb metabolism:
glycogen stores:
glucose tolerance:

Answer 14

cachexia
weight: decreased
appetitie: decreased
energy expenditure: can be any
protein metabolism: increased
body fat: decreased
carb metabolism:
glycogen stores: decreased
glucose tolerance: variable

Question 15

why is physical activity good for cancer prevention?

reduction in __
normalization of __ and __ levels
reduced long-term __

Answer 15

why is physical activity good for cancer prevention?

reduction in insulin
normalization of estradiol and testosterone levels
reduced long-term inflammation

Question 16

a tumor-bearing host is energetically __

Answer 16

a tumor-bearing host is energetically less efficient

Question 17

cancer cachexia is caused by (2)

Answer 17

increased expenditure + decreased food intake

Question 18

is decreased food consumption always associated with decreased metabolism in cancer

Answer 18

NO

Question 19

__ REE in cancer

Answer 19

higher REE in cancer

Question 20

how is carb metabolism affected by cancer?

Answer 20

cancer cells require glucose
cytokines released after carb metabolism

Question 21

cancer patients have increased use of the __ cycle which causes elevated __

Answer 21

cancer patients have increased use of the cori cycle which causes elevated lactate

Question 22

cancer alterations in insulin

Answer 22

1. insulin resistance
2. abnormal insulin secretion
3. delayed glucose clearance

Question 23

alterations in protein metabolism

Answer 23

1. Increased whole-body protein turnover
2. Increased protein synthesis in liver
3. Reduced protein synthesis in muscle

Question 24

alterations in fat metabolism

Answer 24

1. excess body fat depletion (more than protein loss)
2. increased lipolysis
3. decreased lipogenesis
4. hyperlipidemia

Question 25

alcohol causes
elevated acetaldehyde which leads to

Answer 25

oxidative stress –> lipid peroxidation

Question 26

alcohol causes increased estradiol which leads to

Answer 26

increased proliferation in ER

Question 27

alcohol causes inflammation which leads to

Answer 27

reduced apoptosis, increased cell division

Question 28

alcohol causes folate deficiency which leads to

Answer 28

issues with 1-carbon metabolism
genomic instability

Question 29

__, __, and __ decrease risk of colorectal cancer

Answer 29

whole grains, dietary fiber, and dairy decrease risk of colorectal cancer

Question 30

__ and __ increase colorectal cancer risks

Answer 30

red and processed meat increase colorectal cancer risks