Coasts

Question 1

Tombolo

Answer 1

a sand or shingle bar builds up at an area where there is less current erosion
joining an island and mainland
St Ninians Tombolo

Question 2

Spit - Recurved/hooked

Answer 2

a change in the direction of the coast causes sediment to continue in the same direction due to LSD
deposited and grows
can form new land behind it by sediment deposition
Changes in the current and wind causes changes in direction of the spit
Spurn Head

Question 3

Cuspate Foreland

Answer 3

Triangular accumulation of sand and along the coastline
formed by LSD from opposite directions
Dungeness

Question 4

Bar/Barrier Beach

Answer 4

a spit grows along a dip in the coastline and builds a connecting bar in front of it
may fill with sediment or become a lagoon
Chesil Beach

Question 5

Bayhead Beach

Answer 5

a sand or shingle beach in the low energy environment of a soft rock bay in between hard rock headlands
Lulworth Cove

Question 6

Kiribati

Answer 6

low lying pacific island
33 atolls and reef islands
could be underwater in 50 years
bought 20 Km of land in Fiji to relocate

Question 7

Dalmation Coast

Answer 7

rise in sea level over ridges and dips
resulting in only ridges above sea level from submergent coast

Question 8

Holderness Coast

Answer 8

85 Km coast
Boulder clay slumping
mass movement
weathering (freeze-thaw, wetting and drying)
Fetch of 800 Km
destructive waves
storm surges
Receeds at 1.25 m/year
no money for loss of land - costs owner £5,000-5500 per acre

Question 9

Hornsea

Answer 9

Hold the line
sea wall
wooden groynes
rip rap
tourism
wetland
conservation area

Question 10

Mappleton

Answer 10

Hold the line
groynes
rip rap
£2 million was spent to protect 50 properties
blocks of granite from Norway as sea defences
however - erosion has increased further south - material carried south is not replaced (is trapped with groynes)
therefore no beach to protect the cliffs
60,000 tonnes of granite and 2 large groynes

Question 11

Spurn head

Answer 11

no active intervention
community of lifeboats
important bird habitat lost

Question 12

Bangladesh flooding

Answer 12

monsoon flooding
killed 1,100
$150 billion aid sought
100,000 caught the waterborne disease
2.2 million acres of crops damaged
1M above sea level in many areas
deforestation reduced interception
over farming and removal of mangroves for shrimp farming

Question 12

cyclone Sidr 2007

Answer 12

3,300 + deaths
4-6 metre storm surge

Question 13

UK 2013 storms

Answer 13

Strong winds
Heavy rainfall
intense low air pressure
6.3 metre sea level rise
80,000 homes protected but 1,400 damaged
£1.7 billion of damage

Question 14

UK 1953 storms

Answer 14

High tide
storm surges
large waves and a depression
3 metre sea level rise
307 died
20,000 homes damaged
£1.2 billion damage

Question 15

Norfolk

Answer 15

landscaping project
protect: 230 businesses
safeguard 1/3 of the UK’s gas supply
protect 222 homes
bring additional benefits from tourism and recreation.

Question 16

Typhoon Haiyan 2013

Answer 16

strong winds battered homes
90% of Tacloban destroyed
6190 died
29000 injured, 4.1 million homeless
14.1 million affected
1.1 million crops destroyed and houses damaged
1 million farmers and 600000 hectares of farmland affected
$12 billion costs
infection and disease spread
800000-litre oil leak
rice prices rise by nearly 12% by 2014
mangroves contaminated
flooding caused landslides.

Question 17

4 types of erosion

Answer 17

abrasion - sediment moved along the shoreline, causing it to be worn down over time

attrition - wave action causes rocks and pebbles to hit each other

solution - mildly acidic seawater can cause alkaline rocks such as limestone to be eroded - carbonation weathering

hydraulic action - as a wave crashes onto a rock or cliff face, air is forced into cracks - this high-pressure causes cracks to force apart and widen - cavitation

Question 18

4 types of transportation

Answer 18

traction - large, heavy sediment rolls along the sea bed - pushed by currents

saltation - smaller sediment bounces along the sea bed - pushed by currents

suspension - small sediment carried within the water column

solution - dissolved material carried within the water.

Question 19

landforms of coastal erosion

Answer 19

caves, arches, stacks and stumps - marine erosion widens faults in the base of headland, widening over time to create a cave
the cave will widen and erode through to the other side of the headland creating an arch
arch will widen until is unable to support itself, therefore falling under its own weight through mass movement, leaving a stack as one side of the arch becomes detached from the mainland
erosion attacks the bottom of the stack - will collapse and form a stump.

wave cut notch and platform - erosion attacks the base of the cliff, creating a notch of eroded material between high tide height and low tide height
notch becomes deeper - the cliff becomes unstable and falls under its own weight, leaving behind a platform of the unaffected cliff beneath the wave-cut notch.

blowhole - a combination of a pothole on top of a cliff - created by chemical weathering and a cave formed by erosion
as the cave erodes deeper into the cliff face, the pothole deepens, and they meet.

Question 20

swash aligned

drift aligned

Answer 20

wave crests approach parallel to the coast, limited LSD, sediment doesn’t travel up the beach far

waves approach at a significant angle, and LSD causes sediment to travel far up the beach.

Question 21

hard engineering

Answer 21

rip rap - cost-effective
hazard if climbed on + rocks sourced from elsewhere.

revetements - cost effective
visually unappealing + need constant maintenance.

offshore breakwater - reduces waves energy
visually unappealing + navigation hazard for boats + interfere with LSD

Groynes - builds up beach, therefore, protecting coastline + cost-effective
visually unappealing + deprives areas downwind of sediment increasing erosion elsewhere.

sea walls - effective erosion prevention + tourism benefits
expensive + wave energy reflected elsewhere - impacts erosion rates.

Question 22

soft engineering

Answer 22

beach nourishment - builds up the beach - protects coastlines tourism + cost-effective and looks natural
constant maintenance + dredging consequences on local habitats

cliff regarding - cost-effective
cliffs may collapse as the cliff is drier leading to rocks falling + looks natural

dune stabilisation - cost-effective + important wildlife habitat
planting is time-consuming

marsh creation- important wildlife habitat
farmers lose land and may need compensation.