Tectonics Flashcards
Eyjafjallajokull (Volcano) 2010
Iceland
constructive boundary: mid atlantic ridge
VEI 1 - 1,500m fissure, melted ice cap causing extreme flooding
700 people evacuated
ash stopped air travel
Europe lost $3 billion
$1.5 billion costs
no deaths as they were prepared.
Mt. Pinatubo - multi hazard 1991
Philippines
destructive and constructive boundary
7.8M EQ pushed crust under volcano causing an eruption a year later
5000+ evacuated
ash made global temp drop by 0.5 for 2 years
rice and paddy fields destroyed
lahars buried towns
Montserrat - Volcano 2003
island in Caribbean
destructive boundary
VEI 4, pyroclastic flows occurred for 5 years
1000+ evacuated, 19 stayed and died
2/3 houses destroyed
2/3 of island uninhabitable
capital and city airport destroyed.
Haiti - Earthquake LIC 2010
island in Caribbean
conservative boundary
7.0M, 25 Km from capital Port-Au-Prince
225,000 deaths
cost - $7.8 billion (120% GDP)
1.5 million homeless
cholera epidemic through refugee camp - 1,500 deaths
America red cross raised $7M
Oxfam controversy took ages for search and rescue to arrive due to no landing spots.
Sichuan - Earthquake 2008
South West China
Collision boundary
7.9 magnitude
mountainous region causing landslides so only army could access (50,000 troops)
90,000 deaths
$120 billion for constructing EQ proof homes
poor healthcare
hospitals destroyed
Tohoku 2011 EQ and tsunami 2011
off shore Japan 45 miles
subduction boundary
9.0 magnitude
7M wave at 500 Mph
25,000+ deaths
$300 billion damage
nuclear power plant damaged (Fukishima)
warning systems put into place.
Boxing day Tsunami 2004
Indian ocean
9.1 magnitude
15M wave at 500 Mph
250,000 deaths
$14 billion damage
2 million homeless
14 countries affected
Kilaeua Shield volcano
Hawaii
Hotspot boundary
10cm/year
vent 2.5 miles long, 2 miles wide
18000 ft from sea floor
continuous eruption
gentle increased eruption in 2018
new fissures formed
600+ houses destroyed
Yellowstone Supervolcano
North America
Wyoming Continental hotspot
Ground temp can reach 100
lake has 700m bulge
predicted to erupt every 600,000 years
soon with a VEI of 8
kill everyone within 1,000 Km
Ash and SO2 cloud would cover earth in 3 weeks
Temp drop of 5 globally
Lake Nyos EQ,Volcano and gas cloud 1986
smaller EQ
landslide trapped CO2 to be dislodge
heavier than air so white gas moved down to 3 nearby villages
suffocated 1,700 people in sleep
all cattle died - 6 lived
CO2 detectors and technology installed to remove it.
Christchurch 2011
185 killed
3129 injured
100,000 properties damaged
$28 billion in damages
2200 live in temporary housing
1/5 of the population migrated from the city
50-100 years for New Zealand’s economy to recover
$6-7 million international aid provided
30,000 residents were provided with chemical toilets.
Nepal 2015
Indian and Eurasian plates colliding
9000 died
19000 injured - 18 million affected
1.4 million needed support
7000 schools destroyed
$5 billion in costs
avalanches and landslides triggered by the quake
250 missing
tourism, employment and income declined
India and China $1 billion + aid
Tonga 2022
Hunga volcano
due to the size set of a tsunami
4 people died, and 1500 displaced
Still viewed as one of biggest volcanic eruption of 21 century
Armeno 1985
lahar - mud and ash mixing - going down a volcano at high speeds
lack of preparation
25000 deaths - burying the town
constructive
magma less dense than plate therefore rises above it
