carbon

Question 1

Gazprom - Russia

Answer 1

state-owned energy company since 2000
2nd largest producer of natural gas supply to Europe through pipelines through Ukraine

Question 2

Gas from Russia to Europe through Ukraine

Answer 2

energy price dispute as Ukraine was stealing gas
Russia stopped gas supply
serbia had 10 days supply left

Question 3

OPEC - 81% of worlds discovered oil

Answer 3

12 members
middle east, Africa and South America
aims to protect the interest of members
stabilise oil prices and ensure efficient and regular supply
sell oil to Shell and BP
control 2/3 of oil supplies and 35% of production

Question 4

Canada tar sands

Answer 4

largest oil reserves
1 barrel of crude oil for 3 tar oil
by 2030, could meet 16% of Americas needs

Question 5

Brazil deepwater oil

Answer 5

Petrobras aims to reduce 50000 barrels of oil per day
rigs are drilling 2000m

Question 6

Kyoto protocol

Answer 6

175 countries
The USA pulled out - 15% of global emissions
aim to reduce greenhouse gasses to 5% less than 1990 levels.
UK cut to 3% less than in 1990

Question 7

Paris Agreement

Answer 7

195 countries
aim to limit temp rise by 1.5
review after 5 years
legally have to set a target but don’t have to meet it
USA left

Question 8

palm oils - Malaysia

Answer 8

grown in deforested areas has led to high amounts of CO2 being released.

Question 9

Norway

Answer 9

energy secure
mountainous with steep valleys and high levels of rainfall help
HEP - energy choice since 1990 - supplies 97.5% of their renewable energy
HEP - costs are low once the capital investment is complete, transfer of electricity from remote to urban areas is more expensive.

Question 10

UK

Answer 10

energy secure
by 2030, renewables make up 40% of the energy used in electricity generation
cost of exploitation and production, wages count towards the overall cost of energy production- some resources are unprofitable
The UK has coal supplies but is too expensive to exploit them - the global price of oil increasing, and drilling is more profitable in harder-to-reach areas.

Question 11

biological carbon pump

Answer 11

phytoplankton - organism photosynthesise
they take in carbon and turn it into organic matter
bottom of the food web
when it gets eaten, carbon is passed through foodchain - respiration
Plankton - sequester - turn carbon into their outer shells + skeleton
then die - shells dissolve - return to ocean current
dead organisms sink to the sea floor - get buried and compressed - form fossil fuels - limestone over long time

Question 12

thermohaline circulation

Answer 12

Ocean currents circulate carbon with water flows - taking 1,000 years
begins in polar regions - temperatures are cold - increase density therefore water sinks
passes Antarctica where it becomes more dense and extra cold due to temperatures
current splits into 2 directions - Northward to the Indian Ocean and to Western Pacific
will become warmer and less dense as this water is depleted of nutrients and CO2 as they travel north then loop back
these warmed currents circulate around globe and overtime reach beginning areas - cycle starts again