Chapter 11

Question 1

Fear

Answer 1

a response to a specific perceived danger, either to oneself or a loved one

Question 2

Anxiety

Answer 2

a general expectation that something bad might happen; ongoing sense of uncertainty/threat

Question 3

Social anxiety

Answer 3

intense anxiety around social situation (especially having other’s attention on you)

Question 4

Startle response

Answer 4

reaction to something sudden, where the muscles tense rapidly, the eyes close for a moment, and the shoulders pull up towards the ears, arms closer to the head

Question 5

Startle potentiation

Answer 5

enhancement of the startle response when the situation is cued as frightening or unpleasant
- psychopaths don’t have this!`

Question 6

Startle potentiation (how?)

Answer 6

information from the ears goes to the pons, medulla, and spinal cord
- takes less than 1/5 a second

Question 7

Major Categories of Fears

Answer 7

social threats, physical threats (nonalive), and dangerous animals

Question 8

Prepared learning

Answer 8

people are predisposed to fear certain things (or learn certain things) more than others because of evolution

Question 9

Prepared learning (how??)

Answer 9

• amygdala receives input from vision, hearing, etc and sends it to the hippocampus to learn, the pons to tag/react, and the prefrontal cortex to think/interpret
• response mediated by pons reaction, as it is saying whether to tag or react to it

Question 10

Anxiolytics

Answer 10

drugs that treat anxiety symptoms
an agonist
helps GABA

Question 11

Positive Feedback Loop

Answer 11

output feeds back into the system to increase initial inputs, and tends to burn-out/lose steam because it requires constant input (symptoms emerge)

Question 12

Negative Feedback Loop

Answer 12

output feeds back in to decrease initial inputs, and tends to stick (symptoms are maintained

Question 13

Hostile aggression

Answer 13

aggression motivated by anger, with the intent to hurt someone

Question 14

Instrumental aggression

Answer 14

aggression used to achieve something one wants
- more common

Question 15

Anger Management Training (4)

Answer 15

cognitive restructuring
social skills training
exposure therapy
problem solving

Question 16

Anger Difference

Answer 16

• blood vessels expand during anger!! :0

Question 17

Core disgust

Answer 17

emotional response to an object that threatens your physical health

Question 18

Moral disgust

Answer 18

emotional response caused by violations to moral code

Question 19

Magic thinking

Answer 19

contamination being attributed to something that has factually not being contaminated

Question 20

Secondary disgust

Answer 20

moral code being violated demonstrates the same response as core disgust

Question 21

Food neophobia

Answer 21

fear of new food/tastes

Question 22

Disgust (how??)

Answer 22

• insula activation
• parasympathetic + sympathetic activation for nausea and vomiting
• prone to disgust easily = higher neuroticism

Question 23

Sadness (how??)

Answer 23

increased sympathetic activation before the loss is about to happen
decreased sympathetic activation after the loss

Question 24

Guilt vs Shame

Answer 24

• guilt is more unstable, local, and focused on the event that occurred; more functional and productive on how to improve
• shame is more internal, global, and stable, focused on a perceived deficit in the self

Question 25

Subjective well-being (4)

Answer 25

• high life satisfaction
• high positive affect
• low negative affect
• meaning, purpose, richness

Question 26

Lykken et al’s Study

Answer 26

significant associations between happiness for identical twins but less for fraternal twins (0.4)

Question 27

Smillie et al’s Study

Answer 27

participants were told to incorporate extraverted behaviour whether they were extraverted themselves or not; led to positive outcomes regardless