Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NMSK > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system divided into and what are the cell types

A

Divided into:
Central nervous system (brain + spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system (cranial + spinal nerves)

Composed of only 2 types of cells:
Neurons – produce & transmit nerve impulse – present in nerves
Supporting cells – aid function of neurons – 5-10X more abundant than neurons (especially in brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Label the nerve fibre composition diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Label the diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Classify the neurons

A
  1. Multipolar neurons – motor neurons
  2. Pseudounipolar neurons – sensory neurons
  3. Bipolar neurons – found in retina, inner ear & olfaction area of brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain myelination in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes responsible for myelinating axons

Each oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple axons simultaneously

Myelination in CNS occurs in regions such as brain & spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain myelination in PNS

A

Schwann cells responsible for myelinating axons in PNS

Each Schwann cell myelinates single segment of axon

Gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called Nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the supporting cells of PNS

A

Schwann cells
Form myelin sheath

Satellite cells
Support functions of neurons within sensory & autonomic ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the supporting cells of CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin sheath

Astrocytes
Help form junction between capillaries & neurons

Microglia
Phagocytose pathogens & cellular debris from immune system of brain & spinal cord

Ependymal cells
Line cavities of CNS & produce cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the parts of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brainstem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the spinal nerve groups

A

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Caudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 neuronal junctions

A

Synapses
Neuron-to-neuron
Can be excitatory or inhibitory
Only in grey matter

Neuromuscular junctions
Neuron-to-muscle
Always excitatory

Neuroglandular junctions
Neurone-to-glandular cells
Mostly secretory glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the difference between afferent & efferent neurons

A

Afferent (sensory) - convey information towards CNS

Efferent (motor) - convey information away from CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are interneurons

A

Association neurons

Connect 1 point in CNS with another

Used to transfer information between neurons

Extra synapses mean more points for information suppression or enhancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the functional components of peripheral nerves

A

Motor:

General skeletal muscles
Somatic efferent (GSE)
Mostly under conscious control

General visceral muscles
Autonomic (GVE) - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue
No conscious control

Sensory

Somatic pain, temperature, touch (GSA)
Kinaesthesia, proprioception (GSA)
Visceral sensation including baroreceptors (GVA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the components of the spinal cord

A

White matter:
Dorsal columns: ascending (sensory) tracts
Ventral columns: descending (motor) tracts

Grey matter:
Neurones
Synapses
Dorsal horn – sensory neurones
Lateral horn – autonomic neurones
Ventral horn – motor neurones

Central canal
Continuous with ventricles in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fill in the diagram of the spinal cord

A
17
Q

Label the diagram of the spinal cord

A

Dorsal root is afferent

Ventral root is efferent

Join to make spinal nerve

18
Q

What is the cauda equina

A

Spinal cord ends before end of vertebral canal due to differential growth rates in fetus

Cauda equina is collection of spinal nerves that descend from bottom of spinal cord within vertebral canal

Starts when spinal nerves end

19
Q

Components of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic:
General increase in alert state
Fear, flee, fright, fun & frolic
Widespread effects

Parasympathetic:
Local control of action
Urination, salivary glands, GIT, heart rate
Opposite effects

20
Q

Label the blood vessels of the brain

A
21
Q

What are the arteries supplying the brain

A

Rostral cerebral arteries – supply medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres

Middle cerebral arteries – supply lateral & ventrolateral aspects of cerebral hemispheres

Caudal cerebral arteries – supply occipital lobes

Rostral cerebellar arteries – supply rostral aspects of cerebellum

Caudal cerebellar arteries – supply caudal & lateral aspects of cerebellum

22
Q

Label the pink & orange arteries

A
23
Q

What is the rete mirabile

A

Network of vessels located within cavernous sinus

24
Q

What is the blood brain barrier

A

Selective barrier between circulating blood & parenchyma of nervous system

Selective block to large molecules

Mainly active transport

25
Q

Where is CSF produced

A

CSF produced by choroid plexus in lateral, 3rd & 4th ventricles

Produced by ultrafiltration of plasma & active transport

Functions: protection, support & nutrition

26
Q

How is CSF drained

A

Arachnoid villi act as one way valves to regulate pressure within CSF

Drains into sagittal & other venous sinuses

27
Q

What are meninges (including layers)

A

CSF is contained within meninges

Layers:

Dura mater
Tough layer of connective tissue
Separated from periosteum by epidural space which is filled with fat

Arachnoid mater
Fine layer of filaments pressed up against dura mater

Pia mater
Thin layer which is adherent underlying brain
Blends with fibres of arachnoid

Functions:
Protection
Containment of CSF
Maintenance of BBB
Support

28
Q

Label the layers of meninges

A
29
Q

Label the parts of the brain

A
30
Q

Label the brain

A
31
Q

Label the forebrain lobes

A
32
Q

What is the role of the midbrain

A

Involved in walking, sleeping, motor control etc.

33
Q

What is the role of the hindbrain

A

Movement, coordination & balance

Regulatory functions

34
Q

Label the brain

A
35
Q

Fill in the table

A
36
Q

Label the image

A
37
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland

A

Hormonal regulation of many physiological systems

e.g. metabolism, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction

38
Q

What is the functional of the pineal gland

A

Production of melatonin

Seasonal regulation:
Sleep/wake cycle
Reproduction
Fur colour changes

39
Q

Explain how cerebellar diseases affect normal roles of cerebellum in coordination of motor activity

A

Loss of fine tuning of movements of body & head

Signs of cerebellar disease include:
Ataxia – loss of fine movement
Hypermetria (with preservation of strength) - over reaching of limbs
Intention tremor
Broad based stance – wide legged stance

Cerebellar hypoplasia – reduced growth of cerebellum
Cats
Feline panleokopenia virus (cause)
Underdeveloped cerebellum

NMSK (49 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions