Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HUBS 191 > endocrine flow charts > Flashcards

endocrine flow charts Flashcards

1
Q

insulin is secreted from where

A

the beta cells of pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what causes insulin to be released

A

the increase of blood glucose concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

insulin has an effect on what tissue cells

A

muscle cells and liver cells and adipose fat cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does insulin do to muscle and fat cells

A

muscle cell: causes net increase in uptake of glucose, as increased amino acid uptake and increased glycogen and protein synthesis.
fat cells sees increase in fat synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does insulin do to the liver cells

A

increases glycogen and fat synthesis, stops glucose output thereby increasing glucose intake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

whats the negative feedback for insulin release

A

the lowering of the blood glucose levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

glucagon is secreted from where

A

the alpha cells of the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the stimulus for glucagon secretion

A

low blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the target cells of glucagon

A

the cells of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of hormones are insulin and glucagon

A

peptide, water-soluble hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does glucagon do to the target liver cells

A

increases breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis)
increases glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis)
increases ketone synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the negative feedback for glucagon secretion

A

the raise of blood glucose concentration and blood ketone concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what hormones can also raise blood glucose concentration

A

growth hormone, adrenaline and cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what triggers the release of GH-RH

A

The stimulus for GH-RH release is neural input to the hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where is GH-RH hormone stored and secreted from

A

in GH-RH neurons in the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the target cells for GH-RH

A

the target cells are in the anterior pituitary gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does the GH-RH signal cause in the anterior pituiary lobe

A

it signals the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the target cells for GH

A

muscle cells, liver cells, fat cells,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the hormone GH cause in the liver cells

A

it directly causes glucose synthesis in the liver, but also causes the secretion of another hormone, somatomedin C which has indirect effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what inderect effects does IGF 1 have

A

somatomedin c, or IGF 1 promotes the growth of bones, muscle and other tissues, which promotes cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what effects does GH have on muscle cells

A

stimulates protein synthesis (long term) and inhibits, cellular uptake of glucose (short term)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what effect does GH have on fat cells

A

increases triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue
(short term).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

whats the negative feedback for the release of GH

A

the IGF-1 has negative feedback on the GH-RH neurons, slowing the release of GH-RH to the pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what other effect does IGF-1 have

A

it causes positive feedback on the release of GH-IH from the somatomedin neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does GH-IH do

A

it inhibits the release of GH from the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what triggers the start of the thyroid hormone flow chart

A

external and internal stimuli lead
to CNS input to hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does CNS input to the hypothalamus cause in TH cycle

A

it causes the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

28
Q

what are the receptor cells for TRH

A

the anterior pituitary cells

29
Q

what does TRH cause in the anterior pituitary gland

A

it causes the release of thyrotropin-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary

30
Q

what are the target cells for TSH

A

the thyroid gland cells

31
Q

what does TSH cause in the thyroid gland

A

causes the release of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

32
Q

what are the main effects of thyroid hormone

A

an increase in basal metabolic rate via the synthesis and activity of K+ Na+ ion pump

33
Q

what other effects does thyroid hormone have

A

stimulates growth in fetus and early childhood, it maintains normal alertness and reflexes

34
Q

whats the negative feedback for the release of thyroid hormone

A

the release of thyroid hormone inhibits the release of TRH and TSH

35
Q

low blood calcium concentration causes what

A

causes the parathyroid to secrete PTH

36
Q

what are the target cells for PTH

A

kidney and bone cells

37
Q

what does PTH cause in the kidneys

A

it increases the calcium reabsorption to the blood stream and causes vitamin D to be converted to calcitriol

38
Q

what does calcitriol do

A

calcitriol amplifies the reabsorption of calcium to the blood, also amplifies the bone resorption by the osteoclasts, also increases calcium absorption from food

39
Q

what is negative feedbakc for calcitriol prooduction and why

A

the negative feeback for calcitriol production is calcitriol itself, does this as it has an amplification effect on other processes caused by PTH

40
Q

what does an increase in calcium reabsorption cause

A

it causes a decrease in calcium lost via urine

41
Q

what does PTH cause in bone

A

it causes an increase in bone resorption by osteoclasts

42
Q

what does an increase in bone resorption cause

A

an increase in blood calcium

43
Q

what is the negative feedback for PTH release

A

the raising of blood calcium concentration

44
Q

what is the stimulus for stress response

A

a stress acting on a person, the hypothalamus takes this stress and coordinates a response

45
Q

what does the stress response of the hypothalamus cause

A

it causes the stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerves

46
Q

what does stimukation of preganglionic nerve fibres cause

A

causes an action potential to propagate down the neuron

47
Q

where does the AP of the preganglionic sympathetic neuron go

A

it goes to the adrenal medulla, ACh binding to the receptors

48
Q

what does ACh binding to receptors on the adrenal meddula cause

A

causes the adrenaline to be secreted froim the adrenal medulla

49
Q

what are the target cells for adrenaline

A

fat tissue, skeletal muscle and liver

50
Q

what is the overall effect of adrenaline

A

Makes fuel (glucose & fatty acids) more readily available to cells. systems not crucial or short-term
survival are shut down

51
Q

what does adrenaline cause in fat cells

A

causes an increase in breakdown of fat to fatty acids

52
Q

what does adrenaline cause in liver and skeletal muscle fibres cause

A

incr breakdown of glycogen to glucose

53
Q

whats the negative feedback for the release of adrenaline

A

there isnt really one, the only way to stop the release of adrenaline is to remove the stress causing this response.

54
Q

what initiates the cortisol secretion cycle

A

non stress based neural inputs, like day night ryhtym and low blood glucose concentration

55
Q

what does a non stress neural input cause

A

it causes the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin releasing hormone

56
Q

what does corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH, cause

A

causes the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH

56
Q

what are the target cells for corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH

A

target cells are found in the anterior pituitary gland

57
Q

what are the target cells for ACTH

A

adrenal cortex cells

58
Q

what does ACTH cause in the adrenal cortex

A

the secretion of cortisol

59
Q

what are the target cells for cortisol

A

muscle fat and liver cells

60
Q

what does cortisol cause in muscle

A

an increase in protein breakdown and a decrease in glucose uptake

61
Q

what does cortisol cause in fat

A

increase in fat breakdown, a decrease in glucose uptake

62
Q

what does cortisol cause in liver cells

A

glucose synthesis

63
Q

what are some other effects of cortisol

A

helps one to cope with stress, long term it supresses the immune system, its also essential for maintaining blood pressure

64
Q

whats the negative feeback for cortisol release

A

the removal of the stress its self. or in a non stress case, the cortisol inhibits the release of CRH and ATCH

HUBS 191 (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions