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HUBS 191 > lecture 36 > Flashcards

lecture 36 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 classes of antibodies we need to know about

A

IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA and IgD

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2
Q

what form is IgG in

A

monomeric

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3
Q

please order the antibody classes in order of prevalence

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

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4
Q

whats IgGs prevalence

A

most common antibody in the blood.

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5
Q

whats the function of IgG

A

opsonisation and neutralisation. targets virus and bacteria

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6
Q

what does passive immunity mean

A

Passing the antibodies onto the fetus is called passive immunity as the fetus doesn’t develop its own immune cells, it is instead passed on from the mother to their developing child.

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7
Q

IgG is the only antibody to do

A

This is the only antibody that may cross the placenta as the fetus develops.

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8
Q

how long does passive IgG stay in the body

A

It can stay presnt in the bloodstream for a long time after being given to us by mothers in placenta. The IgG from mother will stay in blood until the baby can develop its own immune system.

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9
Q

what form is IgA present in in the blood and tissue

A

monomeric in the blood and dimeric in the mucosal tissue

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10
Q

what are the monomers of IgA and IgM linked by

A

a J chain

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11
Q

what are examples of mucosal tissue dimeric IgA is present in

A

Present in secretions such as tears, saliva, mucus, and breast milk

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12
Q

function of IgA

A

Its most important function is the protection of our mucosal membranes.
This is also an example of passive immunity as the antibodies are passed onto the breastfeeding child through the breastfeeding of their mother.
targets bacteria and virus

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13
Q

what antibodies do passive immunity

A

IgG and IgA

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14
Q

what form is IgM present in

A

pentameric form

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15
Q

whats cells are IgM presented on mainly

A

naive B cells

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16
Q

what’s the first antibody produced after initial exposure to an antigen

A

IgM

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17
Q

what is IgM good at

A

This is a good activator of the complement alternative pathway.
These are secreted at the start of the immune response so they are good activators of complement and thus good communicators between the stages of the innate and adaptive immune response.

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18
Q

when on the cell surface IgM is in what form, when secreted they go to what form

A

IgM on their cell surface as monomer. When secreted it forms to be pentameric. In pentameric form its best antibody for activating complement, so early immune response.

19
Q

what form is IgE present in

A

monomer

20
Q

distribution of IgE

A

Present in blood
at low concentrations

21
Q

function of the IgE

A

These help to activate the mast cells
IgE evolved to protect us from multicellular parasites like worms
These are responsible for allergies. These activate mast cells which trigger parasite immunity. As the mast cells release the histamine. This histamine is whats also a part of an immune response.

22
Q

what form is IgD in

A

monomer

23
Q

what is IgD distribution

A

expressed on naive B cells

24
Q

function of IgD

A

Suspect that it works in coordination with IgM as an antigen receptor. but we dont know exactly.

25
Q

what type of cell is a B cell and where do they develop

A

lymphocytes being made in the bone marrow

26
Q

whats a plasma B cell and a memory B cell

A

Plasma cells are activated B cells that secrete
antibody, Express antibody as BCR, but do not
secrete antibody. instead responding rapidly on second antigen exposure

27
Q

what is native antigen and what does this mean for the antibodies

A

an antigen that is not yet processed by an APC to smaller parts. so B cell receptors can respond to any part of this whole unprocessed antigen.

28
Q

where do the B cells mature and be made

A

they are made and matured in the bone marrow, making sure they arent self reactive

29
Q

antibody is what as it has 2?

A

Antibody chain is bivalent as it has 2
Arms.

30
Q

describe structure of the antibody

A

There are two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains.

31
Q

clonal selection of the B cell occurs where

A

in the lymph nodes

32
Q

what links the antibody to the plasma membrane

A

transmembrane domains

33
Q

whats a naive b cell

A

A naive B cell is a B cell that has not been exposed to an antigen

34
Q

what changes in class switching and why

A

the constant region of the antibody changes as the variable BCR is kept the same so that the antigen responds to the same antigen but it functions different

35
Q

the B cell receptors on the B cell are

A

all identical in the antigen they detect

36
Q

what are the three main functions of an antibody

A

1:neutralisation
2:opsonisation
3: complement activation

37
Q

whats neutralisation and whats an example

A

For example, a toxin or virus that would bind to our cells can be blocked “neutralised” by antibodies.
Neutralisation can also come in the example of antigen binding to the covid-19 coat protein and preventing it from binding to our cells.

38
Q

whats the constant region of the antibody

A

this is the part which is bound to the membrane and it does not come into contact with the antigen.

39
Q

whats the order of prevalence for antibodies

A

GAMED

40
Q

how are plasma B cells and memory b cells different

A

An activated B cell secretes antibodies and divides into plasma and memory cells.
These are different to the plasma cells as they don’t secrete antibody, but they do still present BCR on the plasma membrane. So when these memory B-cells encounter antigen they will become plasma cells, which then do secrete antibodies which then aids in the immune response.

41
Q

how does a vaccine work

A

Vaccinating creates memory b cells in the body for next time it sees the pathogen.
These memory B-cells can stay in the lymphatic tissue and blood for years. so next time the antigen is present the immune response is fast

42
Q

what antibody classes are secreted in primary and secondary immune responses

A

secondary: which in this time is mainly IgG. With some class switch to IgA and IgE
primary: In this time there is a relatively low amount of antibody produced and it is mainly IgM.

43
Q

what are stimulation requirements for the B cells

A

cytokine secretion from CD4 and direct by the native antigen on the BCR

44
Q

heavy chain is linked to light chain by?

A

disulfide bridges

HUBS 191 (32 decks)

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