Human AS Key Terms

Question 1

Ageing Population

Answer 1

An increasing population (1) of the elderly population (1) ages 65 and above (1)

Question 2

Anti-natalist Policy

Answer 2

An initiative intended to reduce the number of births and fertility rate of a population, often with sanctions/penalties.

Question 3

Birth Rate

Answer 3

Number of live births / per 1000 / per year

Question 4

Carrying Capacity

Answer 4

The optimum number of people (1) that can be sustained (1) by an environment and its resources (1), at a given level of technology.

Question 5

Dependency/Dependent Population

Answer 5

Those in a population that are not economically active nor provide for themselves, such as the elderly (65+) and children (<16 yrs).

Question 6

Dependency Ratio

Answer 6

The total working population to the total non-working population.

Calculated by:
Population <15/16 + population >65
—————————————————-
Population aged between 15 and 65

Question 7

Death Rate

Answer 7

The number of people who die / per 1000 / per year.

Question 8

Fertility Rate

Answer 8

The average number of children (1) born to each woman (1) during her reproductive years.

Question 9

Food security

Answer 9

The state of having reliable access (1) to a sufficient quantity (1) of nutritious and healthy food (1).

Question 10

Infant Mortality Rate

Answer 10

Number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year.

Question 11

Life Expectancy

Answer 11

The average (1) number of years (1) a person is expected to live from birth.

Question 12

Mortality Rate

Answer 12

The number of people who die due to a particular cause per 1000 per year.

Question 13

Optimum population

Answer 13

A situation where the population produces the highest standard of living (2) by maximising the benefits from the resources available (1).

Question 14

Population Structure

Answer 14

The make-up of a population by age and gender.

Question 15

Pro-natalist Policy

Answer 15

An initative intended to increase the number of births and fertility rate in a population, often with social/economic incentives.

Question 16

Natural Increase

Answer 16

Birth rate - Death rate, excluding migration, per thousand/yr
The rate population naturally changes (excluding migration)

Question 17

Underpopulation

Answer 17

A situation where there are too few people (1) to make full use of the resources or maximise living standards (1) at a given level of technology (1).

Question 18

Chain Migration

Answer 18

A process whereby a pioneer migrant permanently moves to a new destination and sends back positive information. This encourages more migrants to move and establishes a migration stream.

Question 19

Counterurbanisation

Answer 19

The movement of people and businesses from cities back to the countryside for more than one year

Question 20

Forced / Involuntary Migration

Answer 20

The movement of people (1) for a period of one year or more (1) which is not by choice (1).

Question 21

Internal Migration

Answer 21

The movement of people (1) within a country and not crossing borders (1) for a duration of one year or more (1).

Question 22

International Migration

Answer 22

The movement of people between countries and across borders (1) for a duration of more than one year (1).

Question 23

Intra-Urban Migration

Answer 23

The permanent (more than 1 year) movement of people (1) within an urban area (1), not commuting.

Question 24

Pull Factor

Answer 24

The percieved advantages of the destination (1) that encourage the migrant to move (1).

Question 25

Push Factor

Answer 25

The percieved disadvantages (1) of the origin that encourage the migrant to leave (1).

Question 26

Rural-urban Migration

Answer 26

The movement of people from the countryside to the city for one year or more.

Question 27

Stepped Migration

Answer 27

The movement of people for one year or more (1) in a sequence of stages (1). These stages usually occur within the settlement hierarchy (1).

Question 28

Urban-Urban Migration

Answer 28

The movement from one town or city to another town or city (1) for one year or more (1). Example Rio de Janiero to Barra de Tijucia (1).

Question 29

Voluntary Migration

Answer 29

The movement of people for more than one year (1) which is by choice (1).

Question 30

Bid-Rent

Answer 30

An economic concept/factor that explains the location of different land-uses in an urban area based on price of land vs distance from the centre/CBD

Question 31

Central Business District

Answer 31

The central area of a city (1) where retailing, offices and intergration of transport can be found (1).

Question 32

Functional Zonation

Answer 32

Where different land-uses and activities are found concentrated together in certain parts of the urban area, with other functions not found e.g. manufacturing, or lawyers offices all together.

Question 33

Gentrification

Answer 33

A process that occurrs in certain inner city areas where old substandard housing is bought and modernised by middle/high income households, usually in a piecemeal way.

Question 34

Residential Segregation

Answer 34

The physical and spatial segregation of two or more social groups into specific areas of a town or city. This may be based on income, age or race etc.

Question 35

Residential Zonation

Answer 35

The spatial pattern of housing across a town or city, often linked to age of housing and incomes of residents.

Question 36

Re-urbanisation

Answer 36

A process, usually led by a government initiative or gentrification, to counter the effects of inner city decline. It aims to encourage people or businesses to move back into an urban area.

Question 37

Settlement Hierarchy

Answer 37

The order of settlements based on size of population, provision of services and importance of functions.

Question 38

Spatial Competition

Answer 38

Where different land users bid for the use of the same location as there is inadequate space to satisfy everyone.

Question 39

Urban Growth

Answer 39

An increase in the population and area of a town or city.

Question 40

Urbanisation

Answer 40

A process of an increasing concentration/proportion of a population in urban areas (1) either by the movement of people into urban areas (1) or by natural increase (1).

Question 41

Urban Renewal

Answer 41

The process whereby the derelict or run-down areas (1) of a town or city (1) are improved by upgrading existing buildings (1) and infrastructure (1).

Question 42

World City

Answer 42

A city that acts as a node in the global economic system (1) that influences on a disproportionate amount of global activity (1) and has an effect on global affairs (1).