Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography A Level > C. International Tourism > Flashcards

C. International Tourism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of tourism?

A

Tourism is the short-term process of travelling away from the home environment for:

  • Leisure and recreation
  • Business or professional reasons
  • Visit friends or relatives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How did tourism increase from 2008-2019?

A

Tourism levels rose quickly from 2008-2019, with the peak of world tourism at 1.4 billion in 2018.
The proportions of tourists to Asia and the Pacific were the 2nd largest, after Europe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What were the effects of COVID-19 on tourism?

A
  • 1 billion fewer international tourist arrivals
  • Loss of US $1.3 trillion in total export revenues from international tourism
  • 100-120 million direct tourism jobs at risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In the first quarter of 2023, international arrivals were at ___% of pre-pandemic levels?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An estimated ___ million tourists travelled internationally in the first three months of 2023, ____ the rates of 2022?

A

235 million tourists - double the rates of 2022

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which region saw the strongest performance, as the only region exceeding 2019 arrivals and the first to recover pre-pandemic levels?

A

The Middle East

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Europe reached ___% of pre-pandemic levels, driven by …?

A

90% pre-pandemic levels, driven by intra-regional demand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In 2023, Africa reached ____% of 2019 pre-pandemic levels, and the Americas reached ___% of 2019 pre-pandemic levels.

A

Africa = 88%, Americas = 85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Asia and the Pacific reaches ___% of pre-pandemic levels, driven by …?

A

55% pre-pandemic levels, driven by reopening of destinations in China.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the greatest factor reducing the effective recovery of international tourism in 2023 and why?

A

Economic situation (especially high inflation and oil prices) leading potential tourists to seek value-for-money and travel closer to home.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do natural hazards affect the demand for tourism?

A

Some destinations may have volatile tourism industries due to hazards such as the eruptions of Mt Agung in Bali, 2017 or the Boxing Day tsunami in 2004.

This leads to decreased demand for tourism as tourists worry for their safety, thus choosing not to visit these areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does earlier retirement affect the demand for tourism?

A

It has become the custom in HICs for people to retire at an earlier age. Affluent pensioners make up a significant sector of tourism - the grey pound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does affluence affect the demand for tourism?

A

Countries such as China have seen large increases in disposable income.

This means that more people have the finances to go on holiday, thus increasing the rate of tourism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does holiday time affect the demand for tourism?

A

People now have more holiday time and annual leave then they have before, so have more time to travel. In the UK, working people are entitled to 28 days of paid holiday per year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does conflict affect tourism?

A

Conflict, especially in the Middle East, has led to a fall in tourism numbers due to concerns over safety. The mass shooting in Sousse, Tunisia in 2015 is an example of this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is the Foreign Commonwealth Office in the UK a facilitating factor?

A

The Foreign Commonwealth Office in the UK advises against travel to certain destinations if there is a threat from war/conflict such as Ukraine or health concerns e.g COVID-19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are technological developments such as the Internet a facilitating factor?

A

The Internet has made it easier to research new destinations and book a wider range of holidays; PC ownership for internet bookings; use of ATM machines and credit cards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are budget airlines a facilitating factor?

A

Budget airlines and more fuel-efficient aircraft have made flying more financially accessible. A range of airlines e.g. RyanAir, EasyJet etc. compete heavily on price.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are developments in nations a facilitating factor?

A

Countries are using tourism as a vehicle for development so develop more efficient tourist boards and more transparent entry requirements (e.g. Visas).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do built attractions and resorts affect the supply of tourism?

A

Built attractions and resorts such as Disneyland Paris attract large numbers of tourists. Opened in 1992, DP attracted 13.4 million visitors in 2016.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do online marketplaces such as Airbnb affect the supply of tourism?

A

Online marketplaces such as Airbnb offer more casual arrangements for private accomodation bookings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do fashion and international image affect the supply of tourism?

A

Fashion and international image can be influenced by things like films, such as The Beach filmed in Thailand, Turistas filmed in Brazil and Lord of the Rings in New Zealand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do TNCs affect the supply of tourism?

A

TNCs such as Tui now offer a range of accomodation, flights, types of tourism, package holidays etc. Tui serves 20m customers per year with 285 hotels in 85 countries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do new forms of tourism affect the supply of tourism?

A

New forms of tourism such as ecotourism (e.g. Gorilla Trekking in Rwanda), sport tourism (e.g. fans attending Rugby World Cup 2019 in Japan) and school/ university trips are increasing tourist numbers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is voluntourism?

A

Voluntourism is a form of tourism in which travellers participate in voluntary work, typically for a charity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why has demand for voluntourism developed?

A
  • Growing disinterest in package holidays and resorts - wanted a more authentic trip abroad
  • Growing demand for volunteering opportunities in gap year holidays
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the advantages of voluntourism?

A
  • Volunteering abroad allows for a more immersive experience of the culture as well as a deeper connection with local people.
  • Provides work and life experience in a different country
  • Personal benefits to empathy, experience and insight, and a better self-understanding and sense of purpose.
  • Charities and companies running programmes make it easy for people wanting to volunteer, providing help with food, accommodation, trips, and logistics - easy and safe volunteering.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Give an example of a voluntourism programme:

A

“United through Sports” - teaching English and sports through volunteering in Gqeberha, South Africa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is adventure tourism?

A

Adventure Tourism is a type of tourism involving travel, usually to remote or distant locations in order to take part in physically challenging outdoor activites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why has demand for adventure tourism developed?

A
  • Adventure tourism developed as adventure lovers started to push the limits of sports, such as white water rafting or mountaineering.
  • More casual enjoyers are incentivised to experience adventure tourism by the thrill / excitement, the desire for personal growth and to challenge themselves, and to improve personal health and fitness.
  • Demand has grown in recent years due to increased disposable income and a desire to disconnect from technology (increasingly after COVID-19)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the advantages of adventure tourism?

A
  • Caters to a wide range of abilities - in many destinations, infrastructure has developed to support adventure tourism, including the construction of lodges, camps and facilities near adventure hotspots.
  • Primarily takes place in rural areas, benefitting the economy of host countries and creating jobs which support communities
32
Q

Give some examples of adventure tourism destinations:
How much did adventure tourism generate globally during 2022?

A

Okavango Delta, Botswana safari
The global adventure tourism industry generated a net $366.7 billion in 2022.

33
Q

What is wilderness tourism?

A

Wilderness tourism is a form of tourism to areas of wilderness such as conservation preserves, large unmanaged estates, national forests and parks.

34
Q

Why has demand for wilderness tourism grown?

A
  • Increasing urbanisation and decline of wilderness areas have encouraged people to visit wilderness areas, as well as to see rare and endangered animals with decreasing populations in their natural habitats.
  • Other personal motives include reconnecting with nature, observing the natural beauty, as well as to take part in activities such as trekking
35
Q

What are the impacts of wilderness tourism?

A

Wilderness tourism has allowed certain host countries to grow and diversify their economies, engage tourists with diversity and input money into local communities.

36
Q

Give an example of a wilderness tourism activity and location:

A

Wolf tracking in the Carpathian mountains, Romania.
- Has one of the most significant populations of big carnivores in Europe.

37
Q

What is dark tourism?

A

Dark tourism is a form of tourism which involves travelling to places historically associated with death and tragedy.

38
Q

Why has demand for dark tourism grown?

A
  • People visit areas of dark tourism to gain a sense of meaning and a greater understanding of the disasters that take place.
  • Some tourists visit these locations to pay respects to victims, or to connect with their heritage.
  • TV Series such as Chernobyl can drive interest in dark tourism sites - in 2017, 50,000 people visited Chernobyl, a 350% increase since 2012.
39
Q

What are the impacts of dark tourism?

A
  • Increased money into local economy can allow for rejuvenation of areas following tragedy - Comuna 13 inside Medellin, Columbia, has now been redeveloped for tourism, including the construction of a cable car, and is now to one of the country’s leading creative hubs.
40
Q

Give one detailed example of a dark tourism site:

A

Medellin, Columbia - formerly owned by Pablo Escobar, a notorious drug lord, and previously one of the most dangerous cities in the world.
Horror stories of events within Medellin as well as Pablo’s notorious control of the city’s 13 highways for drug transportation have transformed the city into a hotspot for dark tourism.

41
Q

What is Ecotourism?

A

Ecotourism involves travelling to destinations where flaura, fauna and the natural world are the primary attractions. It is deliberately small-scale and has a low impact on the environment with a focus on conservation and education.

42
Q

Why has demand for ecotourism grown?

A
  • Increasing awareness of the environmental costs of tourism as well as the current climate crisis motivates many people to reduce the impacts of tourism as much as possible.
  • After first establishing itself in the 1980s, ecotourism has gained momentum in parallel with increased popularity of conservation and environmental awareness.
43
Q

What are the advantages of ecotourism?

A
  • Ecotourism promotes social and environmental awareness and can be an opportunity for people to feel a closer relationship between themselves and nature.
  • Opportunity to experience foreign traditions and cultures whilst increasing their knowledge of biodiversity
  • Minimal adverse impacts on destination areas
  • Money given to destination areas (often less-developed countries) encourages conservation of wildlife and fragile environments by providing an alternate means of development.
44
Q

Give one example of an ecotourism destination:

A

Sukaku Rainforest Lodge, Borneo (Sarawak), Malaysia

45
Q

What is sports tourism?

A

Sports tourism is a form of tourism that involves travelling to watch, practise or compete in a sporting event.

46
Q

Why had demand for sports tourism increased?

A
  • Increases in technology have meant that area-specific sports can be streamed globally (e.g ice hockey, Winter Olympics), creating interest to participate in area-specific sports
  • Package tours for events e.g. Rugby World Cup package with Gullivers Sports Travel incentivise watching sports in person
  • Global warming has restricted availability of area-specific sports e.g. reduced skiing in Scotland forcing holiday-goers to travel to Europe.
47
Q

What are the advantages of sports tourism?

A
  • Allows tourists to take part in sports they are unable to do in their home country as a result of weather or location e.g. winter sports or surfing, or to take part in unusual sporting events that happen in specific places e.g. Cheese Rolling in Gloucester
  • Multiplier effect for host countries / areas e.g. Paris 2024 Olympics
48
Q

What is the Mneumonic for the stages of the Butler Model?

A
  • Elephants - Exploration
  • In - Involvement
  • Delhi - Development
  • Can - Consolidation
  • Sometimes - Stagnation
  • Dance - Decline
    or
  • Run - Revival
49
Q

How did Blackpool experience its Exploration stage?

A

The practice of sea bathing became fashionable among the wealthier classes who began making journeys to Blackpool for that purpose.

50
Q

How did Blackpool experience its Involvement stage?

A
  • In 1846, the railway was built, cutting the costs and time for transport.
  • In the 1870s, workers were given annual holidays for the first time. With quicker, cheaper travel and more free time, many working class came to Blackpool at the weekend.
51
Q

How did Blackpool experience its Development stage?

A
  • South Shore’s Fairground opened in 1904 and was advertised as the Pleasure Beach in 1905.
  • Blackpool became a main holiday destination for the North. The wakes weeks developed where each town in Lancashire and Yorkshire took the week holiday on a different week of the Summer.
  • In 1907, workers were granted 12 days annual holiday.
52
Q

How did Blackpool experience its Consolidation stage?

A

Between 1900 and 1950, visitors increased from 4 million to a peak of 17 million per year. Any more than this and suggestions of carrying capacity may be valid - beaches become crowded, traffic congestion increases etc.

53
Q

How did Blackpool experience its Stagnation stage?

A

From 1960 onwards the package holiday to better climates of the Mediterranean started to develop (think: Sitges, Majorca!).
Blackpool as a resort town went into decline with falling visitor numbers. Derelict buildings, drug and alcohol probles and crime were features of this decline. It developed a reputation for rowdy stag and hen parties.

54
Q

How is Blackpool experiencing its Rejuvenation stage?

A
  • A £300 million investment into Blackpool to build a new promenade and better road and rail access.
    The plan also includes a tram stop outside of Blackpool North railway station to connect visitors to the waterfront.
  • Areas such as the Winter Gardens have become publicly owned to make further investment easier.
  • Contracts with Merlin Entertainment (owns the London Eye!) to make Blackpool a modern tourist resort - Blackpool tower has £10 million earmarked for repairs
55
Q

How is the Butler life cycle useful?

A
  • Helps to recognise issues of approaching / exceeding carrying capacity.
  • Helps to understand how changes in the international tourist market might affect a destination.
  • Informs policymakers on how to prepare and adapt to changes (i.e rejuvenate or decline) based on past experiences of other destinations.
  • Reflects the experience of a typical mass tourism destination such as Blackpool, Magaluf (Majorca) etc. quite well.
56
Q

How do prebased assumptions limit the usefulness of the Butler model?

A

One of the core assumptions of the model is that with an increase of the numbers of visitors over time, there would be a general reduction in the overall quality and attractiveness after capacity levels have been reached. The key underlying theme is carrying capacity.

57
Q

How do types of tourism with different life cycles limit the usefulness of the Butler model?

A

The model works when assessing the development and life-cycle of mass tourism e.g. Blackpool and the Spanish costas. Other forms of tourism such as ecotourism may not follow this life cycle i.e by restricting numbers. Ecotourism is designed to remain small-scale and low-impact.

58
Q

How does simplification limit the usefulness of the Butler model?

A

There are doubts on whether a single model of tourism development is possible - Doxey’s Irritation Index has some similar features in that as tourism grows it has greather impacts, but these impacts are more limited to social rather than environmental impacts.

59
Q

How do ‘shocks’ to the tourism industry limit the usefulness of the Butler model?

A

There may be other shocks to the resort, due to the volatile nature of tourism - how might a tsunami/terrorist attack/recession affect tourism in a given area/resort?

60
Q

What is the definition of carrying capacity, as defined by the World Tourism Organisation?

A

Carrying capacity is “the maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time without causing destruction of the physical, economic or socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitor’s satisfaction”.

61
Q

What happens if the number of visitors exceeds carrying capacity?

A

As the volume of tourists surpasses the carrying capacity, negative impacts may be experienced. This may include environmental degradation, social conflict between locals and visitors or economic loss.

62
Q

How can the carrying capacity of an area be increased, and why is this necessary?

A

Effective and sustainable management of a destination may increase the carrying capacity, or lower the number of visitors to a sustainable level.

Without effective management, a destination may stagnate or go into decline. This may lead to a longer-term decline in visitor numbers and a decrease in the quality of their experience.

63
Q

What is the Multiplier Effect?

A

The Multiplier Effect is the resulting effect of a service creating further wealth or positive effects in an area.

For example, tourism in an area will create direct employment and support other companies in the supply chain.

Also, employees spending in the local economy will support other businesses and tax revenues can be used to improve infrastructure to encourage further investment.

64
Q

Where is Sukaku Rainforest Lodge?

A

Sukaku is on the banks of the Kinabatangan River in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo (Sarawak).

65
Q

When was Sukaku Rainforest Lodge established?

A

1995

66
Q

What facilities does Sukaku offer?

A

40 rooms with luxury facilities

67
Q

How does Sukaku reduce its carbon impact?

A
  • All rooms use energy-saver lightbulbs
  • Crystal solar water heaters are used to supply hot water
  • All water used in the facility comes from rainwater harvesting = 100% self-reliant
  • All organic waste is composted and non-biodegradable waste sent to Sandakhan for disposal and recycling
68
Q

How does Sukaku encourage local involvement with tourism?

A

80% of staff are locally employed, with the other 20% hired for transfer skills.
Job training and English classes are provided for all staff if necessary.
A portion of the tourist price is donated to Borneo Ecotourism Solutions and Technologies (BEST) Society which has organised many local projects such as installing 90 water tanks to local families.

69
Q

What does Sukaku have to offer?

A

Kinabatangan Wildlife sanctuary covers over 28,000 (28,800) hectares!
Wildlife tours are primary attraction - over 325 species of bird, and 10 species of primates - 4 are unique to Borneo.

70
Q

What is Sitges?

A

Sitges is a small town of about 25,000 people located 38km to the south of Barcelona.

71
Q

How does Sitges’ geography make it a desirable place for tourism?

A
  • Situated between the Garraf Mountains and sea - beautiful natural landscape
  • Rain shadow from Garraf Mountains create a unique microclimate - over 300 days of sun per year!
  • Rural coastal town with fresh air 38 km to the south-west away from Barcelona - encouraged people to visit
72
Q

How did Sitges orginally experience its Exploration stage?

A

The town attracted many artists and intellectuals at the end of the 19th Century. In 1891, a Catalan artist, Santiago Rusinol arrived with artistic ideas to complement a group of Impressionists known as the Luminista who lived in Sitges, and their Modernist art was a major force behind the “discovery” of Sitges.

73
Q

How did Sitges experience its Development stage?

A

The invention of the package holiday in the 1960s brought more people to Sitges from outside Spain, causing a major period of growth accompanied by the building of larger hotels such as the Terramar and the Calipolis in the town.

This growth also triggered an increase in services - over 300 clothes stores and restaurants (150 clothes shops, 175 restaurants) in Sitges, four times more than expected for a town of its size.

74
Q

How did Sitges experience its Stagnation stage?

A

The spread of tourism across the Mediterranean and beyond means that there are now many more options available to the prospective tourist.
Sitges was forced to compete in a much bigger market - companies such as Thomson stopped marketing the town leading to decline/

75
Q

How did Sitges experience its Rejuvenation stage?

A

Through action by the local council and other Catalan and Spanish agencies, Sitges diversified its economy through the Tourist Excellence Plan, enabling the town’s over 8,000 (8,700) hotel beds to be better utilised.

Sitges also redeveloped its self image to be a tolerant, Bohemian and cultured tourist site. Furthermore, having both beach and leisure facilities as well as being 38km SW from Barcelona makes it attractive for those who want to experience both the city and the sea.

76
Q

What is mass tourism?

A

Mass tourism refers to the movement of a large number of organised tourists to popular holiday destinations for recreational purposes.

It is a phenomenom which is characterised by the use of standardised package products and mass consumption.

Geography A Level (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions