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equine > Upper Resp Disease, Asthma, Pneumonia, Pleuropneumonia > Flashcards

Upper Resp Disease, Asthma, Pneumonia, Pleuropneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

what is choanal atresia

A

no airflow in nostrils
congenital

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2
Q

patient history

A

age
breed
housing
type of work
signs - acute/chronic, uni/bi lateral, exercise intolerance, noise

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3
Q

physical exam

A

resp rate - normal = 8-12
effort
pattern
examin from different angles
in rest and during exercise

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4
Q

Rhinitis

A

infetion of the nasal passage independant of the sinuses

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5
Q

Rhinitis
viral cause

A

equine influenze
herpes
rhinovirus
adenovirus

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6
Q

Rhinitis
bacterial cause

A

uncommon
secondary to trauma

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7
Q

Rhinitis
fungal cause

A

aspergillus
conidiobolus
crytococcus

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8
Q

Rhinitis
parastitic cause

A

habronema
draschia

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9
Q

Rhinitis
diagnosis

A

physical exam
endoscope - difficult due to long narrow canal
xray

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10
Q

Rhinitis
treatment

A

systemic or local
treat cause

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11
Q

sinusitis

A

either primary or secondary

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12
Q

sinusitis
primary

A

bacterial or fungal

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13
Q

sinusitis
secondary

A

dental diseases
sinus cysts
enoplasia
PEH -progessive ethmoid hematoma
trauma
sinonasal polyps

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14
Q

sinusitis
signs

A

unilateral nasal discharge - mucopurulent, fetid odor
facial swelling
resp noise - deformity
lacrimation - frontal/maxillary is involved
head shaking - uncommon in fungal

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15
Q

sinusitis
diagnosis

A

history
percussion
oral exam
endoscopy, sinoscopy
sampling
xray
ct
mri

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16
Q

sinusitis
treatment

A

AB
debridment - trepination, sinus flap, draining
flushing

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17
Q

guttural pouch mycosis
fungi

A

Aspergillus spp.,
Mucor,
Fusarium,
Trichosporon
Opportunistic fungi

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18
Q

guttural pouch mycosis
signs

A
  • Epistaxis
  • Dysphagia
  • Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
  • Nasal discharge
  • Coughing
  • Horners syndrome
  • Fungal encephalitis
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19
Q

guttural pouch mycosis
diagnosis

A

endoscope - If bleeding is present, care must be taken not to dislodge the clot! Biopsy, cytology, culture
xray -

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20
Q

guttural pouch mycosis
treatment

A

drugs
lavage
local antimyotics
ststemic antimycotics
nsaids
vits B, C, E Se
Ki

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21
Q

local antimycotics

A

o Nystatin
o Enilconazol
o Ketoconazol
o Thiabedazol
o Natamycin

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22
Q

systemic antimycotics

A

Amphotericin-B
Itrakonazol
Flukonazol
Voriconazol (borad spectrum, good bioavailability, cost!)

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23
Q

guttural pouch empyema

A

bacterial infection
ruptured retropharyngeal abscess
stenosis of gp opening

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24
Q

guttural pouch empyema
signs

A

Intermittent chronic nasal discharge
Submandicular lymphadenopathy
Parotis enlargement
Increased respiratory noise
mycosis signs

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25
Q

guttural pouch empyema
diagnosis

A

endscope
xray - fluid lines, air filled sacs
us - locate abcess

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26
Q

guttural pouch empyema
treatment

A

highly contagious
Strict biosecurity protocols
Removal of the exudate, flushing with saline
Sedating the horse to achieve a low head position
Local AB administration
chondroid removal

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27
Q

PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA
viral causes

A

herpes
influenza

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28
Q

PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA
bacteria causes

A

stre[ equi ssp equi

29
Q

PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA
predisposition

A

young race horses

30
Q

PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA
signs

A
  • Nasal discharge
  • Enlarged lymphnodes
  • Coughing
  • Poor performance
31
Q

PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA
diagnosis

A

endoscope
grace 1-4

32
Q

PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA
treatment

A

Mild cases respond well to reduced training
antiinflammatories
systemic immunomodulators

33
Q

strangles
bacteria

A

strep equi ssp equi

34
Q

strangles
common in

A

young
high morbidity
low mortality
shedding for 4-6 weeks
asymptomatic carriers

35
Q

strangles
signs

A
  • Fever, lethargy
  • Serous to mucupurulent nasal discharge
  • Hyperamic nasal/ocular mucous membranes
  • Mucupurulent ocular discharge
  • Firm than fluctuant lymph nodes
  • Swollen/painful throatlatch
  • Affected horses may stand with a stretched neck
  • Refuse to eat
36
Q

strangles
diagnosis

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Bacterial culture and PCR

swab - lymph node, nasal swab, nasopharyngeal lavage, guttural pouch lavage

37
Q

strangles
treatment

A
  • Supportive care
  • Soft palatable feed
  • NSAIDS - flunixin, phenylbutazone
38
Q

strangles
complications

A
  • Abscess formation in the mesentery/organs
  • Purpura hemorrhagica
  • Guttural pouch empyema/chondroid
  • Septicaemia/septic arthritis/pneumonia
  • CNS disease
  • Infarctive purpura hemorrhagica
  • Immune mediated myositis
39
Q

equine IAD

A

inflammatory airway disease

40
Q

what part of airway is affected with IAD

A

Lower

41
Q

symptoms of -IAD

A
  • poor performance
  • coughing
  • tracheobronchial mucus
  • Increased airway secretion
  • Thoracic auscultation often normal
  • Slightly increased respiratory rate
  • Somewhat more pronounced abdominal breathing component
  • Tracheal mucus
42
Q

diagnosis of IAD

A

history and clinical signs
enscope
BAL
US
Xray
lung function test
tracheal wash

43
Q

differential of IAD

A

rao
upper airway diseases
pleuropneumonia
viral infection
EIPH
neoplasia
lungworm infestation

44
Q

treatment of IAD

A

environmental management
AB
GCC
mast cell stabiliser
interferon alpha
bronchodilators
B2 adrenergic agonists

45
Q

systemic GCC

A

prednisolone
dexamethasone

46
Q

inhalation gcc

A

fluticason
beclomethasone

47
Q

prevention of IAD

A

dust free environment

48
Q

RAO
environmental factors

A
  • moulds
  • endotoxins
  • Mites and their faeces
  • Plant materials
  • Inorganic dust ingredients
  • Gases (ammonia)
  • Summer pasture-associated RAO (SPARAO)
49
Q

difference btw heaves and rao

A

heaves is reversed by a change in the environnement or the use of a bronchodialtor

50
Q

RAO
clinical signs

A
  • Normal rectal temperature
  • Increased respiratory rate (and heart rate - hypoxaemia)
  • Poor performance, exercise intolerance
  • Dyspnea (mainly expiratory, but you may see mix types)
  • Chronic cough
  • Mucopurulent nasal discharge
  • Adventitious lung sounds (more pronounced during expiratory phase)
  • Tracheal mucus
  • Caudal shift of the caudal lung border
  • Weight loss
  • Cor pulmonale (rare)
51
Q

RAO
diagnosis

A
  • History, clinical signs
  • Respiratory endoscopy
  • Thoracic ultrasonography
  • Thoracic radiography
  • cytology
  • lung function tests
52
Q

RAO
differential diagnosis

A
  • SPARAO
  • IAD
  • Pneumonia
  • Pleuritis
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Thoracic neoplasia
  • Lungworm infestation
53
Q

RAO
treatment

A

give bronchodilators before steroids
B2 adrenergic agents
anticholinergic agents
methylxanthine derivatives
GCC
mucolytics

54
Q

B2 adrenergic agents

A

clenbuterol
sallbutamol
salmeterol

55
Q

anticholinergic agents

A

atropine sulhpate
glycopyrrolate
ipratropoium bromide

56
Q

methylxanthine derivatives

A

aminophylline
pentoxifylline

57
Q

GCC

A

prednisolone
dexamethasone
fluticasona
beclomethasone
triamcinolone

58
Q

mucolytics

A

dembrexine
acetlycysteine
bromhexine

59
Q

EIPH
cause

A

RUPTURE OF MICROBRONCHIAL AND ALVEOLAR CAPILLARIES

60
Q

EIPH
Causes

A

lesions in capillary wall
genetic predispositon
small airway disease
environmental causes
RAO, IAD
resp infection
mechanical forces

61
Q

EIPH
treatment

A

furosemide

62
Q

pneumonia
cause

A

step. equi
staph aureus
e. coli
klebsiella
bordetella bronchiseptica
pasteurella
clostridium
actinobacillus equuli

63
Q

pneumonia
signs

A
  • Can be non-specific
  • Lethargic attitude
  • Reduced appetite
  • Fever
  • Dyspnoea
  • Cough +/-
  • Pleurodinia
64
Q

pneumonia
diagnosis

A

history
physical examination
US
endoscopy
xray
thoracocentesis
thoracic draining
fenestrated mediastinum

65
Q

pneumonia
treatment

A

AB
drainage
nsaids
bronchodilator
mucolytics
fluid and electrolyte therapy
stall rest

66
Q

pneumonia
prognosis

A
  • Depends on severity and duration
  • Fair: acute cases (detected early with limited effusion, aggressive therapy)
  • Guarded: long-standing or complicated cases
  • Poor: if anaerobic bacteria cultured
67
Q

rhodococcus equi

A

gram +ve
facultative
herpes causes immunosuppresion
infection aerogenically

68
Q

rhodococcus equi
xray

A

nodular increase in radiodensity
nodular interstitial pattern and air-broncho framms

69
Q

rhodococcus equi
treatment

A

eryhtomycin
rifampin
azithromycin
clarithryomycin

equine (25 decks)

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