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Health and disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is health?

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A infectious disease that can be transmitted person to person or animal to person

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3
Q

Give 3 transmission types for a communicable disease.

A
  • direct contact with an affected individual
  • the individual’s discharge e.g. via droplet
  • indirect (by a vector)
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4
Q

give two examples of communicable diseases.

A

Measles and malaria

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5
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents cannot be spread from person to person or animal to person

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6
Q

Give three example of non-communicable diseases.

A

asthma, cancer, CHD

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7
Q

Which two viruses can lead to cancer?

A

hepatitis, HIV

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8
Q

The spread of diseases can be reduced or prevented by ….. (name 4 factors)

A
  • simple hygiene measures
  • destroying vectors
  • isolation of infected individuals
  • vaccination
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9
Q

Give three more factors, other than disease, which affect your health.

A
  • lifestyle: stress
  • diet/exercise
  • life environment
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10
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

a factor that increases the likelihood of someone getting a specific disease.

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11
Q

Which risk factor is shown to directly cause cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer?

A

Smoking

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12
Q

Which risk factor can lead to the development of Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Obesity:
- unbalanced diet
- lack of exercise

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13
Q

direct risk factors for coronary heart disease

A
  • high saturated fat diet
  • old age
  • high cholesterol
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14
Q

direct risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome

A
  • high alcohol consumption by pregnant women
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15
Q

direct risk factors for liver failure

A

high alcohol consumption

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16
Q

direct risk factors for lung cancer, bronchitis and emphysema

A
  • smoking
  • high polluted environment
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17
Q

Name a risk factors in cancer

A

Carcinogens, including ionising radiation

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18
Q

What is the human cost of non-communicable disease?

A

millions die from them every year

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19
Q

What is the financial cost of non-communicable disease?

A

cost of researching or treating, cost of adapting or moving home, less people working

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20
Q

What is a casual mechanism?

A

one risk factor that may be partially responsible for a disease

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21
Q

What are causation factors?

A

Directly cause/relationship, proven for the risk

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22
Q

What is a correlation?

A
  • there is an association between the two factors.
  • Correlations are not the same as causation because they do not always mean a person will develop the disease
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23
Q

What causes cancer?

A
  • uncontrolled cell growth and division (by mitosis)
  • cause a mass of cells to develop which is called a tumour
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24
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A
  • tumour continues to grow slowly until there is no space for any more cells
  • remains at the site of origin.
  • doesn’t invade other tissues
  • Non-cancerous and not life threatening
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25
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A
  • tumours are cancerous+ grow quickly
  • they invade neighbouring tissues
  • spread to different parts of the body through the blood stream
  • when they spread to another part of the body this is called a secondary tumour
    -this is called a metastasis
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26
Q

How does a secondary tumour form?

A
  • The cancer cells detach from the tumour
  • enter the blood and spread through the body.
  • Where they stop they begin to divide and multiply, creating another tumour.
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27
Q

Give 4 lifestyle risk factor for developing cancer.

A
  • smoking: increase risk of lung, mouth, bowel, stomach and cervical cancer
  • obesity: increased risk of bowel, liver+kidney cancer
  • UV Exposure: increase risk of skin cancers
  • viral infection: increased risk of liver cancer due to hepatitis B and C
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28
Q

Mutation in which genes can increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer?

A

BRCA

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29
Q

Give four types of pathogen.

A

bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi

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30
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease
- may infect plants or animals
- can be spread by direct contact , by water or air

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31
Q

Why do bacteria make you feel ill?

A

they produce toxins which damage the body cells

32
Q

Why do viruses make you feel ill?

A
  • reproduce inside body cells
  • when the cell bursts the cell damage makes you feel ill.
  • Once they have replicated inside the host cell the host cell ruptures and releases the new viral particles
33
Q

are viruses classified as living or non- living and why?

A

They are often classified as non-living as they have to use to organelles in their host cell to reproduce.

34
Q

Why do protists make you feel ill?

A
  • All protists are eukaryotic and most of them are single celled
  • Some protists are parasites - parasites live on or inside other organisms and can cause them damage which make us feel ill
35
Q

what are 6 ways pathogens can be spread?

A
  • direct contact
  • indirect contact
  • carried by vectors
  • contact with contaminated food or water
  • sexual contact
  • bodily fluids
36
Q

What is an organism which carries pathogens but doesn’t get a disease called?

A

A vector e.g an insect carries the protist (mosquitos carry malaria)

37
Q

which kind of mosquito carries malaria?

A

Anopheles

38
Q

Name diseases that are cause by viruses?

A

Measles, mumps, rubella, HIV

39
Q

Bacteria reproduce rapidly by _______ ____________

A

binary fission

40
Q

Give an example of single celled fungus

A

Yeast

41
Q

Give examples of multicellular fungi?

A

Mushroom, athletes foot, mould, rhizo

42
Q

What are cell wall of fungi made of?

A

Chitin (type of sugar)

43
Q

what are the thread like structures in fungi called?

A

Hyphae: they can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing disease

44
Q

How do fungi spread?

A

Hyphae produce spores, enabling the fungus to easily spread

45
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

they reproduce asexually. They need gamets from mitosis

46
Q

name 5 diseases caused by bacteria

A
  • salmonella
  • gonorrhoea (STD)
  • bronchitis - affects the lungs
  • meningitis - infection of the protective membrane that surround the brain
  • cholera
47
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A
  • Found in raw meat: poultry, eggs, egg products (mayonnaise)
  • undercooked food
  • unhygienic conditions
48
Q

Give four symptoms of salmonella.

A

Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

49
Q

How can salmonella be treated?

A
  • drinking fluids - replace lost fluids
  • take rehydration salts - replace lost mineral ions and glucose
  • antibiotics - severe cases
50
Q

what are preventions of salmonella

A
  • keep cooked food away from raw food - to prevent contamination
  • cook food thoroughly
  • wash hands thoroughly :
    - after toilet
    - after handling raw meat
51
Q

Salmonella and gonorrhoea are what kind of disease?

A

Bacterial disease

52
Q

Name 2 viral diseases

A

Measles, HIV & AIDs

53
Q

What protist disease do we have to know about?

A

Malaria

54
Q

How is gonorrhea transmitted?

A
  • **sexual intercourse (STD) : unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
55
Q

is there many symptoms of gonorrhoea in the early stages?

A

In the early stages it is relatively symptomless
- 10% of men, 50% of women had no obvious symptoms

56
Q

Give common symptoms of gonorrhoea in women

A
  • pain when urinating
  • thick yellow/green vaginal discharge
  • painful + tender lower abdomen
  • bleeding between periods or after sex
57
Q

Give common symptoms of gonorrhoea in men

A
  • pain when urinating
  • thick yellow/green vaginal discharge
  • inflammation of foreskin
  • painful + tender testicles
58
Q

What are the long term symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A
  • infertility
  • long term pelvic pain
  • ectopic pregnancies (condition in which a fertilized egg grows outside of the uterus, usually in one of the fallopian tubes.)
  • babies born from infected mothers have severe eye infections
59
Q

How can we prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?

A
  • use barrier contraception e.g. condoms, femidom
60
Q

How can gonorrhoea be treated?

A
  • treat with antibiotics
  • but drug-resistance strain of bacterium is more common = more difficult to treat
61
Q

what 4 diseases are caused by viruses?

A
  • measles
  • mumps
  • rubella
  • HIV
62
Q

How are measles spread?

A
  • Spread by inhalation of droplets of an infected person’s coughs or sneezes
  • Viral particles in droplets are released into the air and an uninfected person inhales droplet.
63
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • red skin rash
  • fever
  • headaches
  • small- greyish spots on inside of cheeks
  • sore red eyes, sensitive to light
64
Q

What complications can measles lead to?

A
  • sterility in adults
  • fetal abnormalities in pregnant women
  • brain damage inflammation of the brain (encephalitis)
65
Q

How can measles be prevented and treated?

A
  • no treatment
  • vaccination - young children (~1 yrs old)
  • infected person needs to be isolated
66
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

67
Q

What does AIDs stand for?

A

Auto Immunodeficiency Disease

68
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A
  • sexual contact
  • exchange of bodily fluids such as breast milk, blood which occurs when drug users share contaminated needles
69
Q

What are the early symptoms of HIV

A
  • flu-like symptoms
  • fever
  • sore throat
  • body rash
  • tiredness
  • joint and muscle pain
    Usually person doesn’t experience any symptoms for a several years
70
Q

What are the later symptoms of HIV

A
  • weight loss
  • chronic diarrhoea
  • night sweats
  • recurrent infections
71
Q

How can HIV be treated?

A

Antiretroviral drugs - stops virus from replicating in the host cell

72
Q

How does HIV develop into AIDs?

A
  • virus enters lymph nodes and attacks the immune cells
  • late stage of HIV, or AIDS, occurs when body’s immune system is no longer able to defend from other infections or cancers
73
Q

How is malaria spread?

A
  • female Anopheles mosquito feeds on blood of malaria infected animal
  • ingests Plasmodium gamete cells (malarial protist)
  • sexual phase of Plasmodium life cycle takes place in mosquito –> gamete’s fuse, mitosis takes place, sporozoites are produced and migrate to salivary gland
  • infected mosquito feeds on uninfected human
  • injecting saliva that contains protists (plasmodium sporozoites)
  • protists infect liver cells and multiply asexually and cause live cells to rupture
  • protists then infect red blood cells and reproduce asexually inside red blood cell
  • infected red blood cell burst and infects other red blood cells
74
Q

How can malaria be prevented?

A
  • Insect repellent: helps to keep mosquitoes away, so less likely to get bitten
  • Mosquito nets: keep mosquitos away while person is sleeping
75
Q

What can be done to stop mosquitos breeding?

A

vector control: use of insecticides and pesticides or reduce mosquito numbers
treating water reserves where mosquitos breed

biology (24 decks)

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