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Microbiology > Lecture 2 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Element

A

a pure substance composed of only one type of atom

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2
Q

Atom

A

the smallest unit of matter

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3
Q

Describe the Parts of an Atom

A

Nucleus: Contains Protons & Neutrons

Electron Cloud: Contains Electrons

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4
Q

Name the 3 Subatomic Particles and Their Charges

A

Protons (+)
Neutrons (neutral)
Electrons (-)

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5
Q

What subatomic particle determines an atom’s identity?

A

Number of Protons

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6
Q

What are the 6 Most Common Elements in Living Things?

A

C H O N P S

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7
Q

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons (including valence electrons) are found in Carbon?

A

Protons: 6
Neutrons: 6
Electrons: 6
Valence Electrons: 4

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8
Q

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons (including valence electrons) are found in Hydrogen?

A

Protons: 1
Neutrons: 0
Electrons: 1
Valence Electrons: 1

*Note: Wants 2 VE to be Stable

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9
Q

What are ions?

A

atoms/molecules with a positive or negative charge becauase there are more or less electrons than protons

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10
Q

Molecules

A

2+ atoms bonded together

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11
Q

Compounds

A

2+ different types of atoms bonded together

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12
Q

Molecules are formed when electrons are ______ or _______.

A

Transfered or Shared

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13
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

oppoSALTSattract

cation with a (+) charge is attracted to an anion with a (-) charge

They do not share elctrons. Electrons are tranferred and then the atoms stay togethr because of their opposite charges.

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14
Q

cation

A

ion with a positive charge

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15
Q

anion

A

ion with a negative charge

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16
Q

Describe Covalent Bonds

A

atoms share electrons with eachother which bonds them together

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17
Q

How many electrons are shared between atoms in single, double and triple bonds?

A

Single Bond: 2 e- (1 pair)

Double Bond: 4 e- (2 pairs)

Triple Bond: 6 e- (3 pairs)

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18
Q

Which Type of Bond is Stronger? Ionic or Covalent?

A

Covalent Bonds

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19
Q

Polar Molecules

A

molecules that have a partial (+) charge on one side and a partial (-) on the other side due to unequal sharing of electrons between atoms in the molecule

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20
Q

Is water a polar molecule? Why or why not?

A

Yes, water is polar.

Why? Because the Oxygen is an “electron hog” and doesn’t evenly share the electrons with the hydrogens. This results in the O having a partial (-) charge & the H having partial (+) charges.

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21
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Hydrogens with partial (+) charges (and bonded to O or N) are attracted to the (-) charges on other molecules.

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22
Q

anabolic reaction

A

smaller molecules are bonded to synthesize a larger molecule

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23
Q

catabolic reaction

A

larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

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24
Q

endergonic reaction

A

requires energy

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25
Q

exergonic reaction

A

releases energy

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26
Q

Organic vs Inorganic Compounds

A

Organic compounds contain both Carbon and Hydrogen. Inorganic Compounds do not contain both C & H.

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27
Q

What are the 4 Major Types of Organic Compounds?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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28
Q

Explain the pH scale

A

0-6 Acidic
7 Neutral
8-14 Basic

The concentrations of [H+] and [OH-] are inversely related.

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29
Q

What pH do most organisms grow best in?

A

pH = 6.5 - 8.5

(close to neutral)

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30
Q

What are buffers used for?

A

Buffers help stabilize the pH of cultures and keep it from becoming too acidic

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31
Q

turbidity

A

cloudiness seen in culture mediums that are growing bacteria

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32
Q

Polymers

A

moleucles made up of several monomers

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33
Q

Dehyration Synthesis

A

A larger molecule is sythesized and water is released as a product

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34
Q

Hydrolysis

A

smaller molecules are formed when water is used as a reactant to break apart a larger molecule

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35
Q

-ose

A

sugar

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36
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

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37
Q

amphipathic

A

one end of the molecule is polar and the other end is nonpolar

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38
Q

Describe the Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Two layers of phospholipids oriented so that the hydrophobic fatty acid tails point towards eachother and the hydrophilic phosphorus heads point outward

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39
Q

Momomers of Proteins

A

Amino Acids

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40
Q

Describe the Levels of Protein Structures

A

Primary: strand of amino acids connected

Secondary: alpha-helices and beta-sheets

Tertiary: globular structure

Quaternary: multiple proteins clusered together

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41
Q

denaturing

A

the breakdown of a protein’s 3D structure caused by temperature, changes in pH, or salt concentration.

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42
Q

Enzymes ______ chemcial reactions.

A

catalyze

(initiate and speed up)

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43
Q

Exotoxins

A

toxic proteins produced by bacteria
#disease-causing

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44
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogenous Base

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45
Q

ribose vs deoxyribose

A

Ribose has an -OH at the 2’ Carbon and deoxyribose does not

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46
Q

purines

A

bases with 2 rings
A & G

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47
Q

What are the 2 purines?

A

A & G

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48
Q

pyrimidines

A

bases with only 1 ring
C, T, U

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49
Q

nitrogenous bases found in DNA

A

A T C G

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50
Q

nitrogenous bases found in RNA

A

A U C G

51
Q

antiparallel

A

one strand of DNA runs 5’ to 3’ and the other is upside down and runs 3’ to 5’

52
Q

What two parts of nuclotides make up the backbone of DNA?

A

Sugar and Phosphate

53
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

DNA –> RNA –> protein

DNA
(transcription)
RNA
(translation)
protein

54
Q

transcription

A

DNA –> RNA

55
Q

translation

A

RNA –> protein

56
Q

codon

A

set of 3 consecutive nuclotides in RNA that codes for a single amino acid

57
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

source of cellular energy

ATP –> ADP + P + energy
ADP + P + energy –> ATP

58
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

59
Q

What type of bond allows capillary action?

A

hydrogen bonds

60
Q

What type of bond creates the surface tension of water?

A

hydrogen bonds

61
Q

What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?

A

hydrogen bonds

62
Q

What type of bond forms salt?

A

ionic bonds

63
Q

What type of bond forms a single water molecule?

A

covalent bonds

(*Note: the bonds are polar because Oxygen is an “electron hog”)

64
Q

What type of bond holds two separate water molecules together?

A

hydrogen bonds

65
Q

pH of 2 is how many more times acidic than a pH of 5?

A

1000x

5-2=3
10^3 = 1000

66
Q

mono-

A

one

67
Q

poly-

A

many

68
Q

Dehydration Synthesis AKA

A

condensation

(because water is released)

69
Q

hydro-

A

water

70
Q

-lysis

A

breakdown/destruction

71
Q

lys/o

A

to kill/separating destruction

72
Q

What are the 3 main monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Glactose

73
Q

saccharide

A

sugar

74
Q

What are the 3 major disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (milk sugar)
Maltose

75
Q

2 Monomers that make Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

76
Q

2 Monomers that make Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

77
Q

2 Monomers that make Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

78
Q

All 3 major disaccharides contain _________.

A

Glucose

79
Q

4 Major Types of Polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

80
Q

Glycogen

A

polysaccharide used to store glucose in the body

81
Q

Cellulose

A

polysaccharide used to make the cell walls of plants and most algaes

82
Q

Chitin

A

polysaccharide used in the cell walls of most fungi and exoskeletons of lobsters, crabs, and insects

83
Q

Starch

A

potatoes

polymer of glucose made by plants and eaten by people

84
Q

lactase

A

enzyme that breaks down lactose

(-ase = enzyme)
(-ose = sugar)

85
Q

Are lipids polar or non-polar?

A

Non-Polar

86
Q

Why do oil and water not mix?

A

Doesn’t mix because water is polar and oil (fat) is nonpolar.

87
Q

Why does salt dissolve in water?

A

Salt is polar (held together by ionic bond) and will dissociate in the polar environment of water.

88
Q

Two Major Functions of Lipids

A

-plasma membranes
-store energy

89
Q

If something is hydrophobic, is it polar or nonpolar?

A

non-polar

90
Q

4 Classes of Lipids + their Function

A
  • Fatty Acids (fuel)
  • Triglycerides (fatty acid storage)
  • Phospholipids (plasma membranes)
  • Steroids (hormones + strengthen cell membranes)
91
Q

What is a Triglyceride made of?

A

1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids

92
Q

Triglycerides are formed through ______________.

A

Dehydration Synthesis

93
Q

Triglycerides are broken down by _______________.

A

Hydrolysis

94
Q

Which genus of bacteria produces mycolic acid?

A

mycobacterium

95
Q

mycolic acid

A

a complex lipid found in the cell walls of mycobacterium

96
Q

Mycoplasma are unique from other bacteria in that they lack a ________.

A

cell wall

97
Q

main feature of steroids

A

4 interconnected carbon rings (3 hexagons + 1 pentagon)

98
Q

sterol

A

steroid with an -OH (alcohol) group attached

99
Q

peptide bond

A

the bond formed between two amino acids

(the amine group of one amino acid condenses onto the carboxyl group of another amino acid)

100
Q

What type of reaction of forms a peptide bond?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

AKA Condensation Reaction because water is released as a product

101
Q

-OH

A

alcohol group

102
Q

-COOH

A

carboxyl group

103
Q

-NH2

A

amino group

104
Q

-R

A

indicates any group which has a C or H connectd to the rest of the molecule

105
Q

oligo-

A

few

106
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

107
Q

enzymes are ________.

A

proteins

108
Q

function of transporter proteins

A

move/transport molecules across the plamsma membrane that are too big or don’t have the right charge to pass through on their own

109
Q

bacteriocins

A

antimicrobial proteins

110
Q

Difference between DNA & RNA

A

DNA (DEOXYribonucleic acid) is missing an -OH group at the 2’ Carbon

111
Q

In DNA, C pairs with

A

G

112
Q

In DNA, G pairs with

A

C

113
Q

In DNA, T pairs with

A

A

114
Q

In DNA, A pairs with

A

T

115
Q

In RNA, A pairs with

A

U

116
Q

In RNA, U pairs with

A

A

117
Q

In RNA, C pairs with

A

G

118
Q

In RNA, G pairs with

A

C

119
Q

U (uracil) is found in ____ but not in ______.

A

U is found in RNA, but not in DNA.

120
Q

T (thymine) is found in ______ but not in ______.

A

T is found in DNA, but not in RNA.

121
Q

Which Row is DNA & Which Row is RNA?

GCCGAUCUGCA

CGGCTAGACGT

A

top row is RNA - we know becase it contains U

Bottom row is DNA - we know because it does not contain U

122
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

ADP + P + energy –> ATP

123
Q

How is ATP broken down?

A

ATP –> ADP + P + energy

124
Q

The two strands of DNA are ____ & _____.

A

Complimentary & Antiparallel

Microbiology (22 decks)

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