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Microbiology > Lecture 16 - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

immunity

A

the body’s ability to fight off diseases

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2
Q

innate immunity AKA

A

nonspecific immunity

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3
Q

adaptive immunity AKA

A

specific or acquired immunity

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4
Q

Difference between Innate and Adaptive Immunity

A

innate immunity is our broad lines of defense which one is born with protects us from any kind of pathogen whereas adaptive immunity is acquired throughout one’s lifetime and works to protect us from specific pathogens

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5
Q

epidermis

A

the superficial portion of the skin

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6
Q

dermis

A

the deep portion of the skin

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7
Q

What makes skin waterproof?

A

keratin

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8
Q

tinea pedis AKA

A

athlete’s foot

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9
Q

Why is skin considered to be stratified epithelium?

A

skin is composed of epithelial cells which are stacked on top of each other in several layers

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10
Q

Name 4 primary areas of the body where mucous membranes are found:

A
  • GI Tract
  • Genitourinary Tract
    -Respiratory Tract
  • Lining of the Eyes
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11
Q

What type of cells secretew mucous?

A

Goblet Cells

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12
Q

What is the Lacrimal Gland?

A

the gland located above the eye which produces tears and moisture to keep the eye wet and clean. Also contains lysozyme - an antimicrobial enzyme.

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13
Q

Which two body fluids are particularly rich in lysozyme?

A

Tears & Saliva

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14
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

cilia on epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract sweep mucus with trapped debris up and away from the lungs

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15
Q

cilia

A

hair-like projections on a cell

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16
Q

lysozyme

A

an enzyme which attacks peptigoglycan in cells walls

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17
Q

Is lysozyme more effective against Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative bacteria?

A

Gram-Positive

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18
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria stains ____.

A

Purple

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19
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria stains ______.

A

Pink

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20
Q

Discovered Lysozyme

A

Alexander Flemming

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21
Q

Oil Glands AKA

A

Sebaceous Glands

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22
Q

sebum

A

oil

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23
Q

Why are many areas of the body acidic?

A

The acidic environment make it harder for harmful bacteria to survive

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24
Q

pH of gastric juice

A

1.2 - 3.0

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25
Q

pH of saliva

A

6.55 - 8.55

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26
Q

pH of urine

A

6

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27
Q

pH of vagina

A

3-5

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28
Q

pH of earwax

A

3-5

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29
Q

Why should one be cautious of taking antacids?

A

antacids neutralize the pH of the stomah which could increase one’s risk of infection

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30
Q

bacteria species frequently causing stomach ulcers

A

H. pylori

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31
Q

competetive inhibition AKA microbial antagonism

A

normal bacteria protect against harmful microorganisms simply by taking up space (and sometimes by also creating bacteriocins) so that there is no room for harmful microorganisms to easily take up residence and cause adverse effects

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32
Q

bacteriocins

A

enzymes produced by bacteria which are harmful to other types of bacteria

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33
Q

Examples of the Body’s First Line of Defense Against Pathogens.

A
  • skin
  • mucous membranes
  • acidic environment
  • normal flow of body fluids
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34
Q

Examples of the Body’s Second Line of Defense Against Pathogens

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Fever
  • Inflammation
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35
Q

plasma

A

the the fluid portion of blood

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36
Q

platelets

A

fragments of megakaryocytes from the bone marrow and are important in blood clotting

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37
Q

WBC

A

White Blood Cells

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38
Q

RBC

A

Red Blood Cells

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39
Q

thrombocytes AKA

A

platelets

40
Q

coagulation

A

the formation of blood clots

41
Q

Platelets are well-known for their role in blood clotting, but what else are they also important for?

A

production of antimicrobial peptides

42
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells (WBC)

43
Q

leuko-

A

white

44
Q

-cyte

A

cell

45
Q

Function of Neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis

neutrophils can leave the blood and enter tissues during the early stages of an infection to “eat” the pathogens

46
Q

How can exercise help support neutrophils in the body and consequently immunity?

A

Neutrophils will sometimes “hangout” in the larger veins of the body. Moderate excercise increases blood flow. Increased blod flow can help push neutrophils out of the larger veins and into circulation where they can get into tissues and find more pathogens to fight off.

47
Q

Monocytes become _________.

A

Macrophages

48
Q

What does a monocyte look like?

A

Has a large kidney bean shaped nucleus

49
Q

Are monocytes actively phagocytic in the blood?

A

No

50
Q

Are monocytes actively phagocytic in the body tissues?

A

Yes, when they become macrophages.

51
Q

Function of Dendritic Cells

A

phagocytosis

52
Q

Lymphocytes

A

found in blood & lymphatic system and are important for immunity

53
Q

Name 3 Types of Lymphocytes

A
  • Natural Killer (NK) Cells
  • T Cells
  • B Cells
54
Q

leukocytosis

A

an increase in the number of WBCs due to infection

55
Q

leukopenia

A

a decrease in the number of WBCs

(Can be caused by chemo, radiation, salmonlella infection, ricketts.)

56
Q

Differential Blood Count

A

Blood is smeared onto a plate a viewed under a microscope. 100 WBCs are then counted and the ratio of the different types of WBCs are determined and compared against the normal ratios for a healthy person.

57
Q

List the Leukocytes from Most Abundant to Least Abundatnt

A

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

58
Q

Macrophages are derived from ______.

A

Monocytes

59
Q

What is the function of the Lymphatic System

A

collects lymph (fluid that has leaked from blood and cells into the tissues) and returns it to the heart while simultaneously scanning it for any pathogens

60
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

structres within the lymphatic system that have high numbers of WBCs to scan lymph for pathogens

61
Q

List 7 Important Parts of the Lymphatic System

A
  • Lymphatic Vessles
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Peyer’s Patches
  • Bone Marrow
62
Q

Where are Peyer’s Patches Found?

A

small intestine

63
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement of a cell in response to chemical signals in the environment

64
Q

List the 3 Main Steps of Phagocytosis

A
  1. Bacteria attaches to receptors on the phagocyte.
  2. The phagocytes morphs around the bacteria to ingest it.
  3. The bacteria is degraded
65
Q

Opsonization

A

Antibodies attach to antigens on a pathogen - marking it for destruction. The other end of the antibody can then bind to receptors on the phagocytes for the phagocyte to take in and destroy the pathogen.

66
Q

vasodilation

A

expansion of the diameter of blood vessles

(allows for increased blood flow)

67
Q

3 Main Steps for Inflammatory Response

A
  1. Tissue Damage
  2. Local Vasodilation for Increased Blood Flow
    (symptoms: redness, swelling, pain, warm to touch)
  3. Phagocytes Migrate to the Damaged Tissue to Attack Pathogens
68
Q

Margination

A

phagocytes stick to the endothelium

69
Q

endothelium

A

inner lining of the blood vessels

70
Q

Diapedesis

A

phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells into the tissues

71
Q

pus

A

collection of dead cells from an infection

72
Q

Endotoxins

A

toxins found in the cell walls of Gram-Negative bacteria which is released when the bacteria is destroyed

(specifically, Lipid A found in the LPS)

73
Q

Are endotoxins pyrogenic?

A

yes

74
Q

Lipid A

A

an endotoxin

75
Q

LPS contains which endotoxin?

A

Lipid A

76
Q

LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharide

77
Q

IL-1

A

Interleukin-1
(a pyrogen)

78
Q

Explain How a Fever is Induced

A

When a macrophage ingests a Gram-Negative bacteria, endotoxin (Lipid A) is released from the cell wall of the bacteria.

In response to the endotoxin, the macrophage releases Interleukin-1 (IL-1) which travels to the hypothalamus of the brain and causes the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins.

Prostaglandins then reset the body’s thermostat to a higher temp and produce a fever.

79
Q

Does a fever indicate the seriousness of an infection?

A

No

80
Q

What temperature would start to be considered a dangerous fever (even for an adult)?

A

103 and higher

81
Q

Why does one often feel cold when they have a fever?

A

Blood vessels near the skin (peripheral blood vessels) constrict so the body will not lose so much heat and the internal temperature can rise.

82
Q

Why does one tend to get sweat once their fever breaks?

A

When the body is ready to return back to normal temperature, the peripheral blood vessels will vaso dilate so the excess heat can be lost and body temp can return to normal more quickly.

83
Q

How to antipyretic drugs work?

A

antipyretic drugs inhibit the production of prostaglandins which would normally increase the body’s temperature

84
Q

Most common antipyretic drug?

A

Aspirin

85
Q

transferrins

A

proteins which decrease the amount of free iron in the blood so that pathogenic microbes cannot use it for nutrition and growth

86
Q

List 4 Benefits of a Fever

A
  • IL-1 insreases the number of T-cells produced to fight the infection
  • High temps inhibit some microbes
  • Fever promotes the production of interferron proteins
  • Fever promotes the production of transferrins which decreases the amount of free iron in the blood so that microbes cannot use it for growth
87
Q

Interferons

A

antiviral proteins which interfere with viral multiplication by shutting down the protein synthesis in other cells so that they cannot be infected and reproduce the virus if infected

88
Q

AMP

A

Antimicrobial Peptides

89
Q

Complement

A

proteins produced by the liver which combat pathogens when activated

90
Q

3 Ways Complement Can Combat Pathogens

A
  • Participate in the Inflammatory Response by attracting Phagocytes and Triggering the Release of Histamine
  • Cause Microbes to Lyse
  • Act as Opsonin
91
Q

What Cell Releases Histamine?

A

Mast Cells

92
Q

2 Important Functions of Histamine

A
  • causes vasodilation
  • causes increased permeability of the blood vessels so that WBC can get to the damaged tissues more easily
93
Q

How can Complement cause a cell to lyse?

A

the activated complement can wedge itself into the membrane of a pathogen and essentially create a tube/hole from which the insides of the pathogen can leak out from

94
Q

What happens when Complement is activated?

A

when complement is activated, it splits into fragments and those fragments can cause other complements to also split in a chain reaction

95
Q

How do Antimicrobial Peptides (AMP) Function?

A

they wedge themselves into the membranes of pathogens (i.e. bacteria, viruses, fungi) which disrupts the structure enough to destroy the pathogen

Microbiology (22 decks)

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