36.Tribal Integration || Wars of 1962, 1965 , War of 1971 and Bangladesh Crisis

Question 1

What percentage of the total population in India consists of tribal communities?

Answer 1

6.9%

Question 2

How many tribal communities are there in India?

Answer 2

More than 400

Question 3

What percentage of reservation is currently provided to Scheduled Tribes in India?

Answer 3

Around 7.5%

Question 4

What effect did colonialism have on the tribal population in most parts of the country?

Answer 4

It forced them to undergo radical transformations and integrate with British and princely administrations.

Question 5

How were tribal areas affected by the invasion of moneylenders, traders, and other middlemen?

Answer 5

The tribals’ traditional way of life was disrupted, they became enslaved by debt, and lost their land to outsiders.

Question 6

What impact did colonialism have on the tribals’ relationship with the forest?

Answer 6

The destruction of forests by immigrant peasants from the plains deprived tribals of their traditional means of subsistence.

Question 7

Why did colonial authorities enact forest laws in tribal areas?

Answer 7

To protect forests and facilitate their commercial exploitation.

Question 8

What were some of the factors that led to tribal uprisings in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?

Answer 8

Land loss, indebtedness, middleman exploitation, denial of access to forests and forest products, and oppression by government officials.

Question 9

What were the challenges of tribal integration in India?

Answer 9

*Inspiring tribal communities with confidence and making them feel connected and integrated into India.
*Making them realize their honorable and respectable place in India.

Question 10

Who emphasized the accommodation of tribal culture within Indian nationalism?

Answer 10

Nehru

Question 11

What is Tribal Panchsheel?

Answer 11

It refers to the broad guidelines given by Nehru for tribal development and integration.

Question 12

What are the five principles of Tribal Panchsheel?

Answer 12

*Development along the lines of their own genius, avoiding the imposition of alien values.
*Respecting tribal rights in land and forest.
*Training tribals in the work of administration and development.
*Avoiding over-administration and overwhelming tribal areas with multiple schemes.
*Judging results based on the evolved human character, not just statistics or money spent.

Question 13

What does Tribal Panchsheel emphasize in terms of tribal progress?

Answer 13

Progress should be in their own way, respecting their unique culture and identity.

Question 14

How are Scheduled Tribes recognized according to the Constitution?

Answer 14

Article 366 (25) defines Scheduled Tribes as tribes or tribal communities deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of the Constitution.

Question 15

What does Article 342(1) of the Constitution state?

Answer 15

It empowers the President, after consultation with the Governor, to specify tribes or tribal communities as Scheduled Tribes for any State or Union Territory through a public notification.

Question 16

What does Article 46 of the Constitution provide?

Answer 16

It states that the State shall promote the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of society, including Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.

Question 17

Which articles of the Constitution provide reservation for Scheduled Tribes?

Answer 17

Reservation in educational institutions is provided in Article 15(4), while reservation in posts and services is provided in Article 16(4), 16(4A), and 16(4B).

Question 18

What are the administrative arrangements provided for Tribal Areas in the Constitution?

Answer 18

*The Fifth Schedule deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes residing in states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
*The Sixth Schedule provides special provisions for the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.

Question 19

Which states have Fifth Schedule Areas?

Answer 19

Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, and Telangana.

Question 20

Which areas are covered under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution?

Answer 20

The Sixth Schedule covers tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.

Question 21

What does the Sixth Schedule provide for?

Answer 21

It provides for the administration of tribal areas through Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states.

Question 22

What powers are conferred upon village gram sabhas under the Panchayats (Extension of Scheduled Areas) Act of 1995?

Answer 22

Powers of development, dispute resolution (based on traditional customs), and ownership and management of natural resources.

Question 23

What are some causes for the poor performance of tribal policies?

Answer 23

*Weak execution of well-intended measures.
*Slow development of tribal languages affecting access to education.
*Weakness in the justice delivery system.
*Implementation challenges due to inter-tribal conflict.
*Lack of training and equipment for administrators dealing with tribal issues.
*Misappropriation and misuse of tribal funds.

Question 24

What were the main causes of the Sino-India War of 1962?

Answer 24

China’s view of India as a challenge to its control over Tibet and the dispute over Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh’s sovereignty.

Question 25

When did the People’s Liberation Army of China attack India in Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh?

Answer 25

On October 20, 1962.

Question 26

When did China declare a unilateral cease-fire in the Sino-India War?

Answer 26

November 19, 1962.

Question 27

What positive outcomes resulted from the Sino-India War?

Answer 27

Increased focus on defense, military research, and preparedness; questioning of Congress hegemony; emergence of regional parties in India.

Question 28

What negative outcomes resulted from the Sino-India War?

Answer 28

Violation of the Panchsheel Agreement by China; increased vulnerability of India with hostile neighbors on both sides; slowed infrastructural development in the North East; diversion of resources from planned growth towards war and defense.

Question 29

When did the Indo-Pak War of 1965 begin and end?

Answer 29

The war began on August 5, 1965, and concluded on September 23, 1965.

Question 30

What was the cause of the war?

Answer 30

The war was fought over the Kashmir region, initiated by Pakistan’s infiltration and failed operation called “Operation Gibraltar” to conquer Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 31

What significant event marked the official beginning of the war?

Answer 31

On September 6, 1965, India crossed the international border (Radcliffe Line) into Pakistan, initiating the war.

Question 32

Where did the war take place?

Answer 32

The war was fought on multiple fronts, including in Kashmir and Rajasthan. It also involved aerial combat between India and Pakistan for the first time.

Question 33

How did the war end?

Answer 33

The United Nations ordered an end to the war, and India and Pakistan signed the Tashkent Declaration in January 1966. The declaration included agreements to return occupied territories, withdraw troops, and adhere to the boundaries defined in 1949.

Question 34

When did the Indo-Pak War of 1971 begin?

Answer 34

The war began on March 26, 1971.

Question 35

What were the divisions of Pakistan at the time?

Answer 35

Pakistan was divided into West Pakistan and East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh).

Question 36

What were the ethnic tensions between East Pakistanis and West Pakistanis?

Answer 36

East Pakistanis, also known as Pakistani Bengalis, felt underrepresented in the national government, and there were campaigns to designate Bengali as an official language along with Urdu.

Question 37

Who announced the six-point program for regional autonomy in East Pakistan?

Answer 37

Sheikh Mujibur Rehman, a Bengali nationalist leader, announced the six-point program.

Question 38

What triggered the violent crackdown by West Pakistan in East Pakistan?

Answer 38

After Mujibur’s party won a landslide victory in the 1970 election, instead of allowing him to form the government, the West Pakistan establishment called on the military to suppress dissenters in East Pakistan.

Question 39

Who announced Bangladesh’s independence on the radio?

Answer 39

Major Ziaur Rahman, a veteran of the Pakistani army, announced Bangladesh’s independence on March 26, 1971.

Question 40

Who was the Prime Minister of India during the Bangladesh War of 1971?

Answer 40

Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during the Bangladesh War of 1971.

Question 41

What was the role of the Indian government in supporting the nationalist leaders of East Pakistan?

Answer 41

The Indian government was vocal in support and appealed to the international community for assistance. They also sponsored the Mukti Bahini and provided training to East Pakistani Bengali nationals in refugee camps.

Question 42

Why did India intervene in the Bangladesh War of 1971?

Answer 42

India intervened due to strategic, domestic, economic, and humanitarian factors.

Question 43

What actions did India take to establish Bangladesh?

Answer 43

India allowed leaders of the Awami League to form a government in exile, provided military training to Mukti Vahini Sena, and offered support to refugees with food, shelter, clothing, and medical assistance. India defeated Pakistan in December 1971 and took over more than 93,000 Pakistani soldiers as prisoners of war (POWs).

Question 44

Who signed the Instrument of Surrender between India and Pakistan?

Answer 44

Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, the commanding officer of the Indian Eastern Command, and Lieutenant-General A.A.K. Niazi, his Pakistani counterpart, signed the Instrument of Surrender.

Question 45

What was the outcome of the Bangladesh War of 1971?

Answer 45

Pakistan suffered a crushing defeat, resulting in the creation of Bangladesh as a new nation. The Shimla Agreement of 1972 was signed, acknowledging the independence of Bangladesh.