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Henry 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where had Henry 7 lived much of his life?

A

Brittany

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2
Q

What was Henry’s main aim?

A

Consolidate his power

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3
Q

What had nobles used War of the Roses for?

A

Instability helped further their authority

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4
Q

2 secondary aims of Henry 7

A

Secure recognition by foreign powers
Improve financial position

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5
Q

When did War of the Roses begin?

A

1455 - end of Henry 6 reign

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6
Q

Why did London accept Henry 7?

A

Richard 3 was so unpopular

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7
Q

Who proclaimed Henry 7 king on the battlefield?

A

Lord Stanley

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8
Q

What did Henry 7 do with dating?

A

Predated his reign to the day before battle of bosworth - any who fought for Richard were traitors

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9
Q

When did Henry 7 become king?

A

22nd August 1485
Predated to 21st August 1485

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10
Q

How many knighthoods did Henry confer on the battlefield?

A

Eleven

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11
Q

What did Henry give 11 of on the battlefield?

A

Knighthoods

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12
Q

By what year had Henry 7 eliminated threats?

A

1506

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13
Q

Who funded Yorkist ambitions?

A

Margaret of Burgundy

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14
Q

Who were the two pretenders?

A

Lambert Simnel
Perkin Warbeck

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15
Q

Who were the two REAL threats in 1485?

A

John de la Pole. Earl of Lincoln
Earl of Warwick

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16
Q

What threat did Henry imprison in 1485?

A

Earl of Warwick, aged 10

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17
Q

How old was the Earl of Warwick when he was imprisoned?

A

10

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18
Q

When did Henry imprison the Earl of Warwick?

A

1485

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19
Q

Who was designated successor of Richard 3 and the Yorkist leader after Bosworth?

A

John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln

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20
Q

When was Earl of Warwick beheaded?

A

1499

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21
Q

Reason given for beheading of Earl of Warwick?

A

Conspiracy with Perkin Warbeck

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22
Q

Who were Warwick and Lincoln both nephews of?

A

Edward 4

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23
Q

How much active support did Henry have from nobility at start of reign?

A

Very little

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24
Q

What was forfeited by Bills of Attainder?

A

Life, property, titles

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25
Q

Example of person attainted who slowly earnt back their title?

A

Earl of Surrey

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26
Q

What did Henry call often to please nobility in early years?

A

Parliament - nobility sat in house of lords

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27
Q

Excluding parliament, what else did Henry 7 call to please nobility?

A

Great Councils

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28
Q

What did Henry become in relation to the nobility?

A

Far more repressive as reign went on

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29
Q

What minor was given bonds/recognizances?

A

Duke of Buckingham

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30
Q

1485-99 how many peers gave bonds and recognisances?

A

11

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31
Q

1502-09 how many peers gave bonds and recognisances?

A

36

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32
Q

What years: 11 peers bonds/recognisances

A

1485-99

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33
Q

What years: 36 peers bonds/recognisances

A

1502-09

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34
Q

1486 Rising

A

Viscount Lovell and the Staffords

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35
Q

When was Viscount Lovell and the Staffords rising?

A

1486

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36
Q

What happened to Lovell?

A

He escaped to Burgundy

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37
Q

What happened to Humphrey Stafford?

A

He was executed

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38
Q

What happened to Thomas Stafford?

A

He was pardoned

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39
Q

What post did Henry 7 create in 1503?

A

Surveyor of the King’s Wards

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40
Q

What did the Surveyor of the King’s Wards do?

A

Ensured families couldn’t use marriage to get too powerful

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41
Q

Wardships income changes. 1487 and 1507

A

1487 - £350
1507 - £6000

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42
Q

What were bonds and recognizances?

A

Finacial constraints, fines, suspended fines

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43
Q

What year did he bring in an act restricting retaining of armed men?

A

1504

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44
Q

What 1504 Act checked nobility authority?

A

Restricted retaining with system of licences

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45
Q

What tells us that illegal retaining law was never really followed up on?

A

Only one person was ever prosecuted for it

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46
Q

What did Henry mostly not touch for nobles?

A

Control over their own lands and localities

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47
Q

When was Lambert Simnel rebellion?

A

1487

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48
Q

Who arranged Lambert Simnel rebellion?

A

Earl of Lincoln - John de la Pole

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49
Q

Who did Simnel impersonate?

A

Earl of Warwick

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50
Q

What was Simnel crowned as in 1487?

A

King of Ireland

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51
Q

What was significant about Viscount Lovell and Staffords?

A

Little enthusiasm for a Yorkist rising in traditional heartlands

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52
Q

What two things did the Yorkists need following the Viscount Lovell and Staffords risings?

A

1 - A figurehead
2 - Financial support to create a military threat

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53
Q

Henry 7 response to Simnel’s crowning

A

Exhibited real Earl of Warwick in London

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54
Q

What did Margaret of Burgundy pay for in regards to the Simnel rebellion?

A

A force of mercenaries

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55
Q

Who did Henry riskingly reinstate to prevent success of Simnel rebellion?

A

Earl of Northumberland

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56
Q

What were Yorkist gentry reluctant to do in North Riding in 1487?

A

Commit to Simnel rebellion, wanted to see who was likely to win

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57
Q

2 effects of reinstating Earl of Northumberland

A

Neutralised Yorkist base
Ensured Howards wouldn’t get involved

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58
Q

What did Henry reinforce in 1487?

A

Sea defences in East Anglia

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59
Q

What did Henry do to Lambert Simnel?

A

Spared him, gave him a job in the kitchens

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60
Q

What battle took place in Simnel rebellion?

A

Battle of Stoke Field

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61
Q

Who led Henry’s army at Stoke field?

A

Earl of Oxford

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62
Q

What ensured Lincoln’s failure at Stoke Field?

A

Hadn’t managed to recruit enough followers in addition to his mercenaries.

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63
Q

What happened to Lincoln?

A

Died at Stoke Field

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64
Q

What was significant about Stoke Field?

A

Brought an end to the war of the roses

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65
Q

What weakened the resolve of Yorkists who opposed him in 1487?

A

He treated rebels relatively midly

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66
Q

What policy did Henry develop after Simnel?

A

Bonds of good behaviour

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67
Q

What were bonds of good behaviour?

A

Gave money to landowners, did not have to repay if they behaved well.

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68
Q

Who did Perkin Warbeck impersonate?

A

Richard, Duke of York - one of the princes in the tower

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69
Q

When did Warbeck start to impersonate?

A

1491

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70
Q

What changed Warbeck from a pest to a threat?

A

Ability to attract patronage from foreign rulers

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71
Q

Passive support for Simnel

A

Marched hundreds of miles without local noblemen intercepting

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72
Q

What did Margaret of Burgundy do for Warbeck?

A

Trained him as a yorkist prince

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73
Q

When did Warbeck first try to land in England?

A

1495

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74
Q

2 people executed in 1495, what for?

A

Lord Fitzwalter - steward
Sir William Stanley - chamberlain
Offering support to Warbeck

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75
Q

Why did Warbeck 1495 landing fail?

A

Henry knew about it

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76
Q

Where did Warbeck flee to in 1495?

A

Scottish James 4’s court

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77
Q

Why was Sir William Stanley’s involvement in 1495 so big?

A

Lord Chamberlain. Head of royal household when household government was still a thing. Exposed vulnerability - especially to assassination.

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78
Q

What made it difficult to disprove Warbeck?

A

Could not produce Duke of York or his remains

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79
Q

When did Scotland invade England for Warbeck?

A

1496

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80
Q

Why was 1496 invasion insignificant?

A

Small force, retreated quickly.

81
Q

Why did James 4 ditch Warbeck?

A

Marriage offer to Henry’s daughter Margaret

82
Q

Warbeck final attempt

A

1497 in Cornwall

83
Q

Why did Warbeck land in Cornwall in 1497?

A

To exploit the uncertainty created by Cornish rebellion of 1497

84
Q

What did Henry 7 do when he captured Warbeck?

A

Imprisoned him, then executed in 1499 after he tried to escape with the Earl of Warwick

85
Q

Was Cornish Rebellion a threat?

A

Yes. A serious one.

86
Q

When was the Cornish rebellion?

A

1497

87
Q

Where was Henry’s army at time of Cornish rebellion?

A

Dealing with Scottish threat in the North

88
Q

How many gentlemen from southwest joined Cornish Rebellion?

A

25 ish

89
Q

What was Cornish rebellion triggered by?

A

Taxation for scottish campaign

90
Q

How many involved in Cornish rebellion?

A

15,000

91
Q

How far did Cornish rebels get?

A

Blackheath, just outside London

92
Q

What did Cornish rebels threaten to do?

A

Release Earl of Warwick and restore Yorkist king

93
Q

What lord joined Cornish rebellion?

A

Lord Audley

94
Q

How did Henry suppress the Cornish rebellion?

A

Withdrew Lord Daubenay and troops from defending Scottish border

95
Q

How easy was it to crush Cornish rebellion?

A

Quite easy in the end

96
Q

Who was executed because of Cornish rebellion?

A

The leaders including Lord Audley
Notable only the leaders. Lenient from Henry

97
Q

What did Cornish rebellion make Henry do?

A

Ensure Anglo-Scottish tensions eased and become cautious about foreign conflicts.

98
Q

General rebellious spirit throughout reign of people?

A

Not enthusiastic. Two rebellions exceptional and easily supressed. Pretenders found it hard to gain support.

99
Q

What did Edmund Dudley believe about nobles?

A

Only a small number felt harshly treated

100
Q

What does John Guy call Tudor England’s greatest success?

A

Ability to feed itself - many countries had substinence crises.

101
Q

When was the Yorkshire rebellion?

A

1489?

102
Q

What was the Yorkshire rebellion about?

A

Taxation

103
Q

Who was murdered in the Yorkshire rebellion?

A

Earl of Northumberland

104
Q

Why wasn’t the Earl of Northumberland protected when he died in 1489?

A

His retainers left his as punishment for his own desertion of Richard 4 years previously.

105
Q

What showed King’s control in North was insecure?

A

Murder of Earl of Northumberland

106
Q

Who was the last threat after Warbeck was executed in 1499?

A

Edmund de la Pole, in exile

107
Q

Why could Henry never rest easy?

A

He was a usurper himself

108
Q

When did Prince Arthur die?

A

1502

109
Q

When did Henry imprison Edmund de la Pole?

A

1506

110
Q

What was significant about Henry’s coronation?

A

Organised it a week before first parliament to show his right to the throne was hereditary.

111
Q

When did Henry marry Elizabeth of York?

A

1486

112
Q

When was Arthur born?

A

1486

113
Q

Henry’s foreign policy aims?

A

International recognition of dynasty
Defend trading interests
Maintain secuity
Good relations to focus on domestic security

114
Q

When did Maximilian become HRE?

A

1493

115
Q

When did Margaret of Burgundy die?

A

1503

116
Q

When did Henry break trade relations with Burgundy?

A

1493

117
Q

Who was the intercursus magnus between?

A

Henry and Philip. England and Burgundy

118
Q

What did intercursus magnus do?

A

Brought embargo to an end

119
Q

When was intercursus magnus?

A

1496

120
Q

When did France invade Brittany?

A

1487

121
Q

2 reasons for raising an army against french in 1489

A

1 - sense of obligation to bretons (harboured him)
2 - fear of french control increasing threat

122
Q

When was the Treaty of Redon?

A

1489

123
Q

Terms of treaty of redon

A

Duchess Anne would pay for a small army. Henry would support her claim to Brittany

124
Q

When did Duchess Anne surrender to French?

A

1491

125
Q

What did Duchess Anne agree to do in 1491?

A

Marry King of France Charles 8

126
Q

Problem for Henry when Duchess Anne surrendered?

A

Army stranded in Brittany, now under French control

127
Q

When did Henry launch invasion of France?

A

1492

128
Q

How many troops did Henry take to France?

A

26,000

129
Q

What happened when Henry invaded France in 1492?

A

France quickly sought a peace settlement

130
Q

Why was Henry’s decision to invade France not so much of a gamble?

A

His agents told him Charles 8 was far more interested in invading Italy

131
Q

When was Treaty of Etaples?

A

1492

132
Q

Two things France gave England at treaty of etaples?

A

1 - would assist no pretenders
2 - Pay England a pension (made up 5% of Henry’s income)

133
Q

What treaty brought peace with france?

A

Treaty of Etaples 1492

134
Q

Why was Earl of Kildare a threat in Ireland?

A

Yorkist sympathies, crowned Simnel in 1486 and supported Warbeck in 1491

135
Q

Who was a threat in Ireland?

A

Earl of Kildare

136
Q

Who did Henry replace Earl of Kildare with?

A

Sir Edward Poynings

137
Q

When was Poynings’ law?

A

1495

138
Q

What law was passed in Ireland?

A

Poynings’ Law

139
Q

What did Poynings’ Law state?

A

Irish parliament needed English monarch approval before passing laws

140
Q

How did Poynings try to suppress Irish?

A

Threat of force and bribery

141
Q

2 issues that arose with Poynings’ Irish policy

A

1 - Too expensive
2 - Warbeck returned in 1495 and beseiged a town

142
Q

Reason it might be said Henry was forced to reinstate Kildare?

A

Lack of money for Irish policy with Scottish invasion

143
Q

Reason Henry might have willingly reinstated Kildare?

A

Been persuaded to abandon Yorkist cause

144
Q

Success of Kildare

A

Achieved submission of various CHIEFTAINS

145
Q

When was Kildare reinstated?

A

1495

146
Q

By what year had Ireland come under control?

A

1500

147
Q

What were Scottish relations like 1495-95?

A

Tense but somewhat cordial

148
Q

Negative turning point in Scottish relations

A

James 4 comes of age, offers hospitality to Warbeck in 1495

149
Q

3 things James 4 gave warbeck

A

1 - pension
2 - aristocratic marriage
3 - a small army for invasion in 1496

150
Q

How did Henry respond to 1496 small invasion by Warbeck/Scotland?

A

Raised a large army to launch an invasion

151
Q

What did raising a large army to invade Scotland mean?

A

Cornish Rebellion of 1497

152
Q

What truce stopped tensions with Scotland?

A

Truce of Ayton

153
Q

When was there a full treaty with Scotland?

A

1502

154
Q

When was Truce of Ayton?

A

1497

155
Q

What encouraged James 4 to agree truce of ayton and drop warbeck?

A

Henry’s offer of Margaret (daughter) and James marriage

156
Q

What was the 1502 scottish treaty?

A

Treaty of Perpetual Peace

157
Q

What did Treaty of Perpetual Peace include?

A

Agreement for Margaret and James to marry

158
Q

When did Margaret and James 4 marry?

A

1503

159
Q

Did Henry succeed in Scotland?

A

Yes, secured the border.

160
Q

Who ruled Spain?

A

Ferdinand and Isabella - joint monarchs

161
Q

When was the Treaty of Medina del Campo?

A

1489

162
Q

What was the 1489 treaty with Spain?

A

Treaty of Medina del Campo

163
Q

What did Treaty of Medina del Campo agree?

A

Arthur and Catherine to marry.
Both would not harbour rebels or pretenders.
Protect each other in event of attack.

164
Q

Significance of Medina del Campo?

A

Spain accepted Henry’s dynasty

165
Q

What did Ferdinand and Henry argue over?

A

Size of Catherine’s dowry

166
Q

When was Arthur and Catherine’s marriage?

A

1501

167
Q

When did Arthur die?

A

1502

168
Q

Why did Henry want Catherine to marry Henry 8?

A

Keep the dowry

169
Q

When did Isabella die?

A

1504

170
Q

Who did alliances fail with?

A

HRE and papal states

171
Q

Navigation Acts

A

1485 and 1489, showed desire to end reliance on foreign ships

172
Q

Who died in 1506?

A

Philip

173
Q

Consequences of Philip’s death

A

Juana deprived of inheritance
Marriage between Henry and Catherine jeopardised
Ferdinand regent of castile
Henry diplomatically isolated

174
Q

What happened to Juana and Philip in 1506?

A

Their ship wrecked. Took refuge in England.

175
Q

Treaty of Windsor

A

1506 - intercursus malus restored trade with burgundy
return of earl of suffolk
Henry recognised Juana and Philip as rightful rulers of Castile

176
Q

Why was Intercursus Malus known as that?

A

Flemish description.
Overly generous to England.

177
Q

1507 Third Trade Treaty with Burgundy

A

Reverted to Intercursus Magnus in 1507

178
Q

When was League of Cambrai formed?

A
  1. Henry not in it, isolated.
179
Q

When did Elizabeth of York die?

A

1503

180
Q

Between 1505 and 1509 how much did Henry give to Hapsburgs through various means?

A

£342,000

181
Q

Why would diplomatic isolation possibly prove dangerous?

A

If Henry 8’s accession was challenged

182
Q

Who acted as a non-official advisor?

A

Henry’s mum Margaret Beaufort

183
Q

3 types of councillor

A

Laymen
Nobles
Churchmen

184
Q

How many attended council throughout reign?

A

227

185
Q

How many people made up Henry’s core council?

A

Six or seven

186
Q

When did John Morton become Archbishop?

A

1486

187
Q

Who was Henry’s chancellor until 1503?

A

Sir Reginald Bray

188
Q

2 ‘professional’ councillors

A

Bray and Dudley

189
Q

When did Council Learned develop?

A

Second half of the reign

190
Q

What was ‘shady’ about Council Learned?

A

Not a recognised court of law.
No right of appeal.

191
Q

How did Council Learned exercise authority?

A

Exploiting the royal prerogative

192
Q

Which of Empson and Dudley was there from the start?

A

Empson

193
Q

When did Dudley join Council Learned?

A

1503, after Bray’s death

194
Q

2 enemies of Empson and Dudley

A

Fox and Lovell

195
Q

What was Edmund Dudley’s role on Council Learned?

A

Exploit financial opportunities

196
Q

Reform to household in 1495

A

Remodelled chamber as privy chamber. King could retreat and be protected, cut Henry off.

197
Q

What looked after the King?

A

Household proper

198
Q

Politically important part of court before 1495

A

The Chamber

199
Q

How many parliaments in first 10 years?

A

5

history (9 decks)

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