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Geo > Human - Urban Environments > Flashcards

Human - Urban Environments Flashcards

1
Q

Urbanisation def

A

The process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population are living in urban areas

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2
Q

Urban settlements differ from rural ones in terms of [4]

A
  • Way of life: Faster paced
  • Size: Larger
  • Density of buildings and people: Higher
  • Economy and employment: Secondary, tertiary
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3
Q

Reason for increase in urban population between 1950 and 2015 [2]

A
  • The decline of industry in developed countries, industry moving overseas to emerging countries
  • this lead to industrial growth in emerging countries and pulled people from rural areas
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4
Q

What are there high rates of urbanisation in developing countries

A
  • Most new economic development is concentrated in the big cities
  • Push-Pull factors lead to high rates of rural-urban migration
  • Cities are experiencing higher rates of natural increase in population
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5
Q

Megacity

A

A city with a population of over 10 million people

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6
Q

Urban pull factos

A
  • Higher wages
  • Pace and excitement
  • Improved education and healthcare
  • Better job opportunities
  • Public utilities
  • Government support
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7
Q

Rural Push factors [5]

A
  • Limited healthcare and education
  • Mechanisation fo farming
  • Lack of opportunities
  • Lack of government support or investment
  • Harsh and monotonous lifestyle
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8
Q

Urbanisation pathway

A
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9
Q

Agglomeration def

A

People and businesses collect in geographically favourable locations

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10
Q

Suburbanisation def

A

Where the suburbs on the outer edge of the settlement grow outwards as new houses and services are built to accommodate more people

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11
Q

Counter urbanisation def

A

The movement of people from an urban area into the surrounding reigon

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12
Q

Causes of counter urbanisation [5]

A
  • Mobility and accessibility
  • Increased wealth
  • agricultural decline
  • Green Belt
  • Second homes and early retirement
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13
Q

Urban regeneration def

A

Investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing away and rebuilding

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14
Q

Factos affecting the rate of urbanisation

A
  • Speed of economic development
  • Rate of population growth
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15
Q

Reasons for growth of cities [4]

A
  • Economic development
  • Population growth
  • Economies of scale
  • Multiplier effect
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16
Q

World city / Global city def

A

Cities with a special global influence

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17
Q

Issues of urbanisation

A
  • Congestion
  • Transport
  • Housing
  • Employment
  • Crime
  • Education
  • Environmental issues
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18
Q

Issues of urbanisation: Congestion

A
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19
Q

Issues of urbanisation: Transport

A
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20
Q

Issues of urbanisation: Housing

A
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21
Q

Issues of urbanisation: Employment

A
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22
Q

Issues of urbanisation: Crime

A
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23
Q

Issues of urbanisation: Education

A
24
Q

Issues of urbanisation: Environmental issues

A
25
Q

CBD def

A

The CBD or Central Business District is the commercial centre of an urban area. It contains the main shops, offices and financial institutions of the urban area.

26
Q

Factors influencing urban landscape [2]

A
  • Value of land
  • Location of land
27
Q

Features of the CBD [3]

A
  • Oldest part
  • Core of the city
  • Concentrated economy
28
Q

Features of the inner city ring [3]

A
  • Older terraced, worker housing
  • Older industrial areas
  • Areas are centred around transport links and access
29
Q

Features of the suburban ring [3]

A
  • Residential area
  • Semi and detached housing with gardens
  • Smaller retail premises, facilities for people
30
Q

Features of the urban fringe [3]

A
  • Housing clusters into estates
  • Some industrial land use
  • Accessibility is best
31
Q

Urban challenges in developed cities: Social

A

-Social cities and housing
- Poverty and deprivation
- Ethnic segregation
- Quality of life
- Ageing population
- Tourism and crime

32
Q

Urban challenges in developed cities: Economic

A
  • Globalisation
  • Food supply
  • Transport and traffic
  • Energy supply
  • Deindustrialisation
  • Service provision
33
Q

Urban challenges in developed cities: Environmental

A
  • Pollution and waste disposal
  • Sustainability
  • Ecological footprint
  • energy, land, water
  • Hazard risk
  • Green Space
34
Q

World city case study: Hong Kong

A
35
Q

Informal settlements def

A

A settlement in which land is not owned but is built on with what ever resources are available

36
Q

Slum areas typically suffer from: [5]

A
  • Overcrowding
  • Lack of supplies
  • Little/no sanitation
  • Inadequate health facilities
  • Safety hazard
37
Q

Informal economy def

A

These jobs are often unskilled and labour intensive, require little money to set up, offer no protection to the workers and they pay no tax

38
Q

Cycle of poverty [5]

A
  • Child grows up in poverty
  • Disadvantaged in education and skills
  • Struggles to get a formal job
  • Fails to escape poverty cycle
  • Family remains in poverty
39
Q

Deprivation def

A

When a persons well-being falls below an acceptable minimum standard

40
Q

MDI index def

A

Multiple deprivation index

41
Q

Factos affecting MDi index [7[

A
  • Income
  • Employment
  • Health
  • Education
  • Access to housing
  • Crime
  • Living environment
42
Q

Factors of quality life index [8]

A

Political and economic stability
Legal system
Health and medical services
Safety
Climate
Costs and income
Education

43
Q

Nairobi case study

A
44
Q

Growth of the rural urban fringe: Push factors

A
  • Congested, old, expensive housing
  • Environmental pollution
  • Shortage of land for expansion (companies)
  • Brownfield sites
  • Access for heavy goods limited
45
Q

Growth of rural urban fringe: Pull factors

A
  • Cheaper land, larger houses, buildings
  • Factories can be more spacious, parking space
  • Closeness to main roads and motorways
  • WFH and flexible work
46
Q

Land uses in the urban fringe

A
  • Retail parks
  • Industrial estates
  • Business parks
  • Science parks
  • Airports
  • Motorways and ring roads
47
Q

Brownfield advantages [5]

A
  • Revive old urban areas
  • Reduce loss of countryside
  • Services such as water etc already in place
  • Located near main areas of employment
  • Reduces risk of squatter settlements
48
Q

Brownfield Disadvantages [3]

A
  • More expensive to build on, must be cleared
  • Surrounded by rundown areas
  • Higher levels of pollution
49
Q

Greenfield Advantages [4]

A
  • Healthier environment
  • Close to countryside, recreation
  • Layout not restricted by existing layout
  • Relatively cheap rate of building
50
Q

Greenfield disadvantages [6]

A
  • Valuable farmland lost
  • Encourages urban sprawl
  • Wildlife and habitats disrupted
  • Recreational space, scenery lost
  • Development causes pollution
  • Higher cost of installing services
51
Q

Urban sustainability def

A

A sustainable city is one in which there is minimal damage to the environment, the economic base is sound with resources allocated fairly and jobs secure, and there is a strong sense of community, with local people involved in decisions made

52
Q

Ways of increasing urban sustainability [6]

A
  • Relying on renewable energy sources
  • Using energy efficiently
  • Relying on public transport
  • Improving physical infrastructure
  • Improving social services and access to them
  • Improving quality of life
53
Q

Urban stakeholders: Local [7]

A
  • Residents
  • Nearby residents
  • Planners
  • Councils
  • Utility suppliers
  • Employers
  • Landowners
54
Q

Urban stakeholders: National [2]

A
  • Govts
  • National charities
55
Q

Urban Stakeholders: International [3]

A
  • International charities
  • IGOs
  • TNCs

Geo (8 decks)

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