ch5 Flashcards
positive and negative evaluations of people, objects, events, and ideas
attitudes
a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that elicits a specific response, and eventually the neutral stimulus elicits that response on its own.
classical conditioning
–the phenomenon by which the greater the exposure that we have to a given stimulus, the more we like it.
mere exposure
a type of learning in which behaviour that is rewarded increases, whereas behaviour that is punished decreases.
operant conditioning
the implicit and explicit rules that a specific group has for its members on values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours
social norms
a theory that describes people’s behaviour caused by their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control
theory of planned behaviour
a model that describes the role of prototypes in influencing a person’s willingness to engage in the behaviour in a given situation.
prototype/willingness model
a model that views a change in behaviour as a progression through a series of stages, including pre‐contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
trans‐theoretical model (TTM)
a theory that describes attitude change as occurring in order to reduce the unpleasant arousal people experience when they engage in a behaviour that conflicts with their attitude or when they hold two conflicting attitudes.
cognitive dissonance theory
a model that proposes people experience discomfort whenever they see their behaviour as deviating from some type of important personal or normative standard, but that the strategy they use to reduce this dissonance will depend on what thoughts about the self are currently accessible.
self‐standards model
– a model that proposes people experience discomfort whenever they see their behaviour as deviating from some type of important personal or normative standard, but that the strategy they use to reduce this dissonance will depend on what thoughts about the self are currently accessible.
self‐standards model
a theory that individuals try to maintain impressions that are consistent with the perceptions they want to convey to others.
impression management theory
a theory that describes how people can reduce the arousal caused by cognitive dissonance by affirming a different part of their identities, even if that part is completely unrelated to the cause of the arousal.
self-affirmation theory
