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Foundations of health and disease > Intro to microscopic anatomy > Flashcards

Intro to microscopic anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two colors commonly associated with Haematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining?

A

Pink and purple.

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2
Q

What does Haematoxylin stain in tissue samples?

A

Haematoxylin stains acidic (or basophilic) structures such as DNA (nucleus, nucleolus), RNA, and carbohydrates (cartilage molecules).

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3
Q

What does Eosin stain in tissue samples?

A

Eosin is an acidic dye that stains basic (or acidophilic) structures, such as cytoplasmic proteins and extracellular fibers.

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4
Q

What is the cell shape of squamous epithelium?

A

Flat

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5
Q

Where can squamous epithelium be found in the body?

A

Heart, lungs, blood vessels (endothelium), and membranes (mesothelium).

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6
Q

What are the functions of squamous epithelium?

A

Diffusion, filtration, and secretion.

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7
Q

What is the cell shape of cuboidal epithelium?

A

Cube-like.

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8
Q

Where can cuboidal epithelium be found in the body?

A

Glands and kidney tubules.

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9
Q

What are the functions of cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretion and absorption.

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10
Q

What is the cell shape of columnar epithelium?

A

Rectangular.

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11
Q

Where can columnar epithelium be found in the body?

A

Gastrointestinal tract and uterine tubes.

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12
Q

What are the functions of columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption and secretion.

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13
Q

What is the cell layer of simple epithelium?

A

Single layer.

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14
Q

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found in the body?

A

Heart, lungs, blood vessels, and membranes.

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15
Q

What is the cell layer organization of stratified epithelium?

A

More than one layer.

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16
Q

What are the subtypes of stratified epithelium?

A

Squamous, Keratinized (K), and Non-keratinized (NK).

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17
Q

Where can keratinized stratified squamous epithelium be found in the body?

A

Skin.

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18
Q

Where can non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium be found in the body?

A

Mouth.

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19
Q

What is the main function of stratified epithelium?

A

Protects against injury.

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20
Q

What is the cell layer organization of transitional epithelium?

A

Variable number of cell layers.

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21
Q

Where can transitional epithelium be found in the body?

A

Urinary system - Bladder and Urethra.

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22
Q

What is the main function of transitional epithelium?

A

Allows stretching of the lining.

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23
Q

What is the characteristic of epithelial tissue regarding cell turnover and tissue renewal?

A

Epithelial tissue is characterized by high cell turnover and tissue renewal.

24
Q

What are examples of epithelial tissues that undergo self-renewal?

A

Epidermis (skin), small intestine.

25
Q

What is the dependence of epithelial tissue self-renewal on?

A

Epithelial tissue self-renewal depends on the activity of tissue-specific stem or progenitor cells.

26
Q

Can you provide examples of tissue-specific stem or progenitor cells involved in epithelial tissue self-renewal?

A

Intestinal Stem Cells (characterized by the protein Lgr5), Hair follicle cells, Lung epithelium.

27
Q

What risks are associated with the ability of epithelial tissue to renew?

A

The emergence of benign tumors (adenomas) and malignant transformation leading to cancers such as carcinomas or adenocarcinomas.

28
Q

What can happen if the epithelium is damaged faster than its renewal capability?

A

It can result in impaired organ function, such as celiac disease due to an autoimmune response.

29
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue (fat tissue)?

A

Adipose tissue provides protection for internal organs, insulation, and acts as an energy store.

30
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Blood consists of white blood cells (defense), red blood cells (oxygen transport), proteins, fibers (fibrin - for haemostasis), and blood plasma (non-cellular component).

31
Q

What is the function of blood plasma?

A

Blood plasma is essential for the transport of nutrients and molecules to different tissues and cells in the body.

32
Q

How are glands “constructed”?

A

Glands are constructed from epithelial cells, including specially adapted secretory epithelial cells.

33
Q

What are the two main types of glands?

A

The two main types of glands are exocrine glands and endocrine glands.

34
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands have ducts through which they release their secretions onto the surface of the epithelium, while endocrine glands are ductless and release their secretions directly into the bloodstream.

35
Q

Give an example of a unicellular gland.

A

Goblet cells in the intestinal and respiratory epithelium are examples of unicellular glands.

36
Q

Give examples of multicellular glands.

A

Examples of multicellular glands include salivary glands, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

37
Q

How do unicellular glands and multicellular glands differ in their secretory mechanism?

A

Unicellular glands, such as goblet cells, secrete directly onto the surface of the epithelium, while multicellular glands secrete through a duct that opens onto the surface of the epithelium.

38
Q

What are the main components involved in gland structure?

A

Glands consist of secretory epithelial cells (both unicellular and multicellular) and may have a duct system for transporting secretions.

39
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Autophagy is the process of self-eating, involving the digestion of cytosol, molecules (such as proteins), and worn-out organelles within cells.

40
Q

How is autophagy completed?

A

Autophagy is completed through the action of lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases.

41
Q

What are the two types of autophagy?

A

Autophagy can be non-selective, employed during times of starvation, or selective, employed to remove specific cell components during periods of growth, differentiation, or removal of surplus or worn-out organelles.

42
Q

What is the role of autophagy in innate immunity?

A

Autophagy plays a role in innate immunity as a response to infection.

43
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that can break down biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and sugars. They create a low pH environment for enzymatic activity.

44
Q

What are melanosomes?

A

Melanosomes are a special category of lysosomes found in melanocytes. They hold melanin pigments and contribute to skin pigmentation by secreting melanin through exocytosis.

45
Q

How does autophagosome formation occur?

A

A portion of the cytoplasm is surrounded by a double membrane, creating an autophagosome. This autophagosome then fuses with a lysosome, leading to the degradation of biomolecules or organelles.

46
Q

What is the role of cell metabolism signaling pathways in autophagosome formation?

A

Cell metabolism signaling pathways play a role in the regulation and control of autophagosome formation.

47
Q

How are damaged mitochondria removed from cells?

A

Damaged mitochondria are removed through a process called mitophagy, which involves selective autophagy of mitochondria.

48
Q

What happens when biomolecules or entities enter a cell by endocytosis?

A

Endosomes fuse with lysosomes, creating endolysosomes for the degradation of the internalized biomolecules or entities.

49
Q

What can happen if the autophagy process is impaired?

A

Impairment of the autophagy process can lead to the accumulation of molecules in lysosomes, such as the accumulation of tau proteins in neurodegenerative disorders.

50
Q

How is impaired mitophagy linked to a form of early onset Parkinson’s disease?

A

Impaired mitophagy, which is the degradation of mitochondria through autophagy, is linked to a form of early onset Parkinson’s disease.

51
Q

What are lysosomal storage diseases?

A

Lysosomal storage diseases are genetic disorders that result in the accumulation of undigested biomolecules within lysosomes.

52
Q

How does aging affect autophagy?

A

During aging, autophagy gradually declines, which may contribute to the accumulation of cellular waste products and dysfunctional organelles.

53
Q

What is the role of autophagy in neurodegenerative disorders?

A

Autophagy plays a role in the removal of abnormal protein aggregates, such as tau proteins, and impairment of autophagy can contribute to the accumulation of these proteins in neurodegenerative disorders.

54
Q

How does impaired mitophagy contribute to Parkinson’s disease?

A

Impaired mitophagy can lead to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease.

55
Q

What is the main cause of lysosomal storage diseases?

A

Lysosomal storage diseases have a genetic cause, typically resulting from mutations in genes that encode lysosomal enzymes or proteins involved in lysosomal function.

56
Q

What are the consequences of lysosomal storage diseases?

A

Lysosomal storage diseases result in the accumulation of undigested biomolecules within lysosomes, leading to cellular dysfunction and tissue damage.

Foundations of health and disease (45 decks)

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