Learning Flashcards
What is classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a learned response.
Who conducted the famous classical conditioning experiment with dogs?
Ivan Pavlov conducted the classical conditioning experiment with dogs in the early 1900s.
What was the natural reflex of the dogs in Pavlov’s experiment?
The natural reflex of the dogs was salivation when food touched their oral mucous membranes.
What other stimuli caused the dogs to salivate in Pavlov’s experiment?
In Pavlov’s experiment, the dogs began to salivate at other times as well, such as when Pavlov entered the room or when they heard his footsteps.
How did Pavlov establish an association between the bell and salivation?
By repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with the presentation of food, Pavlov created an association between the auditory center (activated by the bell) and the food center (activated by the food). This association led to salivation even when only the bell was present.
What was the result of the repeated pairing of the bell and food in Pavlov’s experiment?
Over time, simply ringing the bell without the presence of food was enough to produce salivation in the dogs. The association between the bell and the salivary response had been formed.
What is the simplest form of classical conditioning?
The law of contiguity. When two things commonly occur together, the appearance of one will bring the other to mind.
What types of responses are involved in classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning explains learning that involves reflexes, which are involuntary responses. These responses can include salivation, muscle responses, perspiration, and affect (the experience of emotion).
How does classical conditioning explain learning?
Classical conditioning suggests that learning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to the elicitation of a reflexive response.
What is an example of classical conditioning involving salivation?
Pavlov’s experiment with dogs is a classic example of classical conditioning involving salivation. The dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell (neutral stimulus) with the presentation of food (meaningful stimulus), leading to salivation even when only the bell was present.
How does classical conditioning relate to the concept of involuntary responses?
Classical conditioning explains how reflexive or involuntary responses can be learned through the association between stimuli. The previously neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a response without conscious control.
What does US stand for in classical conditioning?
US stands for Unconditioned Stimulus, which refers to something that can initiate a reflexive response without any prior learning. For example, heat can cause perspiration, and eating food can cause salivation.
What is UR in classical conditioning?
UR stands for Unconditioned Response. It refers to a reflexive response that is naturally elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. Examples include perspiring in response to heat or salivating when eating food.
What does CS represent in classical conditioning?
CS stands for Conditioned Stimulus. It refers to a previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with an involuntary response, which would not typically elicit that reflex.
What is CR in classical conditioning?
CR stands for Conditioned Response. It is a response that occurs due to the presence of a conditioned stimulus in the environment. The response is contingent upon the association formed between the CS and the reflexive response.
