paper 2 dont know

Question 1

why rock type affects rate of erosion

Answer 1

• differnces in softness
• joints/cracks

Question 2

one reason why some coasts are protected

Answer 2

different value
eg diff land uses
agriculture is less valuble

Question 3

sedimentary rocks

Answer 3

other rocks
soft less resistant
form lowland landscapes

Question 4

reason for increase in storm freq

Answer 4

climate change
warm water generates energy in atmosphere more storms

Question 5

2 reasons for land use change

Answer 5

deindustrialisation - move from industry
accessibility improves so price increase = more commercial

Question 6

why cities attract international migrants

Answer 6

high paid + high skilled jobs due to TNC headquatres - fill knowledge economy

Question 7

how migration changed population

Answer 7

• diversity - tension in community
• distinctive areas form
• cultural mixing can increase

Question 8

2 reason inner city functions change

Answer 8

• deindustrialisation - decreases industry
• globalisation - TNCs - growth of finance sector

Question 9

one strategy for urban living

Answer 9

congestion charge
decreases pollution

Question 10

how wave height effects erosion

Answer 10

more water = more energy - more erosion/ destructive wave
^ hydraulic action

Question 11

how to form deltas

Answer 11

When approaching the mouth, rivers are carrying huge amounts of fine sediment in suspension. On reaching the sea, the river velocity may suddenly be reduced, and flocculation occurs which causes vast amounts of deposition. Occasionally, this occurs in the main channel and blocks the river flow. The river then must divide into smaller channels called distributaries to reach the sea. Overtime the deposited material may build up and outwards to form a delta. Tidal areas are submerged by the sea twice a day, so salt marshes form

Question 12

levee formation

Answer 12

As a river in the lower course floods, it loses its velocity and begins to deposit its sediment load. Levees (raised banks) are made of the coarse river load which is the first to be deposited when the river flood, finer sediment is deposited fast, furthest from the river channel.

Question 13

oxbow lake formation

Answer 13

as ,the meander grows more and more over time until it becomes a very tight loop known as a meander cut off. When the water level is very high, the river had enough energy it go straight across the loop, rather than around it, since it is a quicker route. The river keeps to its new channel, so the loop is left as an oxbow lake

Question 14

interlocking spurs

Answer 14

Interlocking spurs are found mainly in the upper course of the river, where the geology is mainly harder rock. Due to the river’s lack of energy and the resistance of the rock, the river does not waste energy trying to overcome these obstacles and instead takes the easiest path – this means it bends around the harder rock that protrudes into the V-shaped valley of the upper course. Any leftover energy is used as hydraulic action to deepen the channel through vertical erosion, assisted by gravity.

Question 15

why soft engineer not hard engineer

Answer 15

One reason why soft engineering methods are often preferred is their cost. Hard engineering methods such as flood barriers have very high construction costs and require regular maintenance. In contrast, soft engineering methods such as river restoration have far lower up-front costs and need minimal maintenance. Another reason why soft engineering is often favoured is appearance. Hard engineering strategies such as flood walls often look very unnatural and ruin views. However soft engineering adds very little construction and focuses on natural methods so maintains natural appearances and rarely spoils view.

Question 16

how human activities affect coastal landscapes

Answer 16

Human development along the coast contribute to faster cliff retreat. The weight of infrastructure increases cliff vulnerability because it weakens the cliff and could even lead to its collapse. An example of this can be seen at Holderness, where 29 villages have been lost to coastal erosion in 1000 years

However, coastal management by humans can aid in preserving landscapes. By raising awareness as well as implementing actual preventative measures such as holding the line and flood walls, coastal cities are protected from water damage, as well as some salt marshes, sand dunes, spits and other landforms being preserved.

Question 17

river restoration

Answer 17

River restoration makes the river more natural by restoring the original state of a river that has been changed artificially. The natural processes anf features of a river slow down river flow and reduce likelihood of a major flood. Further more, in the process of restoration, vegetation that has been removed is often replanted so plants store water that would otherwise go directly to the channel.

Question 18

flood plain retention

Answer 18

Floodplain retention maintains the rivers floodplain. Surfaces of the floodplain are protected and restores to shrubs and grasslands, so that they retain water over a period of time and release it slowly into the river to decrease the risk of flooding.

Question 19

Explain why people and the environment are facing increasing risks from river flooding

Answer 19

As the climate becomes more extreme, the UK is more likely to experience heat waves leading to droughts. This means the soil will be dried out and baked hard, so that when it does later rain, the water will run straight off as it cannot infiltrate into the ground. This leads to a short lag time between peak precipitation and peak discharge, which leads to an increased risk of the river flooding.

Question 20

For a named river you have studied, state 2 impacts that affected people and property

Answer 20

• house flooding
• lack of clean water

Question 21

why the river severn floods

Answer 21

The river severn meets Tewksbury on a river’s floodplain. A floodplain is an area of the river on its lower course caused by continuous lateral erosion. this means that the river is more likely to flood.

At Tewskbury there is a confluence between River Avon and River SEvern, this increases discharge and therefore the likelihood of flooding

Question 22

Assess the role of climate in shaping river landscape and river load

Question 23

Explain the interaction of climate and slope processes in shaping river landscapes

Answer 23

Slope processes such as slumping and rock falls leads to a steeper slope

Wetter climate leads to more freeze thaw

Question 24

Explain how climate might affect river landscapes and river load

Answer 24

When there is colder weather, there is more likely to be freeze thaw weathering. This is when water seeps into the cracks and freeze and expand by 9% to create cracks in rocks. In addition, rainy weather leads to more slumping, landslides, and chemical weathering. This increase in more active slope processes carve out dramatic V-shaped valleys

Question 25

long profile

Answer 25

The long profile of a river shows changes in the height (altitude) of the course of a river from its source to its mouth.

Question 26

how agriculture effects UK landscape

Answer 26

chemicals lead to decline in chalk grassland

Question 27

Explain two reasons why transnational corporations have become more important to the UK economy (4)

Answer 27

London has grown as a financial centre so ore foreign banks have been established there

Globalisation has increased with a reduction in barriers to free trade

Question 28

explain two ways in which the UK government aims to reduce regional differences like this within the UK (4)

Answer 28

One way in which the UK government aims to reduce regional differences is through the creation of enterprise zones. These help kick start a multiplier effect by allocating areas to help businesses with start-up costs and reduced taxes. Another way in which the UK government aims to reduce regional differences is through improvements to transport. An example of this is the currently in construction HS2 which will link London to Northern cities. This provides equal connectivity and access to opportunities for people regardless of what region of the country they live in.

Question 29

Identify an area of your case study where deprivation is higher and an area of your case study where deprivation is lower. Explain two differences between the two areas (4)

Answer 29

In London, deprivation is very high in Newham whilst it is significantly lower in Richmond. One key difference between the two boroughs is education levels, with 26% of adults educated at degree level in Newham and well over double in Richmond, with 64%. An explanation for this could be that the former is a low-income area and university degrees are very expensive. Another difference between the areas is health. Health in Newham is significantly worse, with 210 premature deaths per 100,000 whilst Richmond has 121. An explanation for this could be that Newham is more central and central areas tend to be areas of higher crime levels, which could result in violent crime and ultimately death.

Question 30

Explain one cost and one benefit of interdependence on a chosen big city (4)

Answer 30

One benefit on interdependence on London is that Londoners can easily enjoy the countryside for leisure and recreation since it is so accessible. An example of this is Aldenham Country Park in Hertfordshire. However, one cost of interdependence is the increase in air pollution and traffic congestion, as more people commute into London to take advantage of the goods, services and employment opportunities available there.

Question 31

Explain the costs and benefits of interdependence on a chosen rural area (4)

Answer 31

One benefit of interdependence on East Devon is that the nearby city provides a large-scale market for the primary-industry products produced in the rural areas, such as milk and vegetables. This helps create massive economic growth in the city. However, one cost of interdependence is that cost of housing increases because so many wealthy people from the city want to live there, too. This limits the availability of local housing and long-term residents may be forced out of their homes