module 5 - 10.7 adaptations Flashcards
what are the 3 meanings of adaptations?
- dynamic process that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing evolutionary fitness
- a state reached by a population during evolution
- a phenotypic trait which has a functional role in each individual organism that allow it to survive and reproduce
what are the 3 types of adaptations?
- anatomical
- behavioural
- physiological (inside organisms)
what is an anatomical adaptations of marram grass to prevent water loss?
- rolled leaf creates localized environment of water vapour concentration within the leaf
- stomata sit in small pits within curls of structure - makes them less likely to lose water
- folded leaves have hairs on the inside to slow or stop air movement
- thick waxy cuticle
what are innate behavioural adaptations?
- innate or instinctive behavioural adaptations are performed without prior learning
- complex behaviours and not simple reflexes
what are some examples of innate behavioural adaptations?
- sea turtles, newly hatched on a beach will move towards ocean
- honeybees dance by dancing in the direction of a food source
- birds build nests
the herd instinct is found in human children and chimp cubs - congenital fear of snakes and spiders in sixth month old babies
what are learned behavioural adaptations?
- learned behavioural adaptations are after prior learning
- organisms with more complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to learn new responses to adjust to their behaviour
what are some examples of learned behavioural adaptations?
- prairie dogs give alarms when predators approach
- imprinting of younge geese to follow mothers
- social transmission of feeding strategies in killer whales
- altruism in musk ox
what is altruism?
protecting the young
what are physiological adaptations?
how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions
what do physiological adaptations IN ANIMALS include?
- thermoregulation
- homeostasis
- osmoregulation
- nervous and hormonal communication
what so physiological adaptations IN PLATS include?
- tropisms
- photoperiodism
- dormancy
- transpiration and translocation
what are some examples of less common physiological adaptations?
- venom production in animals
- toxin production in plants
- antibiotic production in fungi and bacteria
what is comparative anatomy?
study of similarities and differences in anatomy of different species?
what are the 2 pieces of evidence that show evolution by natural selection?
- homologous structures
- analogous structures
what are homologous structures?
- structures similar in different species
- species evolved by DIVERGENT EVOLUTION from COMMON ANCESTOR
- example: pentadactyl limb