module 5 - 10.7 adaptations

Question 1

what are the 3 meanings of adaptations?

Answer 1

1. dynamic process that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing evolutionary fitness
2. a state reached by a population during evolution
3. a phenotypic trait which has a functional role in each individual organism that allow it to survive and reproduce

Question 2

what are the 3 types of adaptations?

Answer 2

• anatomical
• behavioural
• physiological (inside organisms)

Question 3

what is an anatomical adaptations of marram grass to prevent water loss?

Answer 3

• rolled leaf creates localized environment of water vapour concentration within the leaf
• stomata sit in small pits within curls of structure - makes them less likely to lose water
• folded leaves have hairs on the inside to slow or stop air movement
• thick waxy cuticle

Question 4

what are innate behavioural adaptations?

Answer 4

• innate or instinctive behavioural adaptations are performed without prior learning
• complex behaviours and not simple reflexes

Question 5

what are some examples of innate behavioural adaptations?

Answer 5

• sea turtles, newly hatched on a beach will move towards ocean
• honeybees dance by dancing in the direction of a food source
• birds build nests
  the herd instinct is found in human children and chimp cubs
• congenital fear of snakes and spiders in sixth month old babies

Question 6

what are learned behavioural adaptations?

Answer 6

• learned behavioural adaptations are after prior learning
• organisms with more complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to learn new responses to adjust to their behaviour

Question 7

what are some examples of learned behavioural adaptations?

Answer 7

• prairie dogs give alarms when predators approach
• imprinting of younge geese to follow mothers
• social transmission of feeding strategies in killer whales
• altruism in musk ox

Question 8

what is altruism?

Answer 8

protecting the young

Question 9

what are physiological adaptations?

Answer 9

how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions

Question 10

what do physiological adaptations IN ANIMALS include?

Answer 10

• thermoregulation
• homeostasis
• osmoregulation
• nervous and hormonal communication

Question 11

what so physiological adaptations IN PLATS include?

Answer 11

• tropisms
• photoperiodism
• dormancy
• transpiration and translocation

Question 12

what are some examples of less common physiological adaptations?

Answer 12

• venom production in animals
• toxin production in plants
• antibiotic production in fungi and bacteria

Question 13

what is comparative anatomy?

Answer 13

study of similarities and differences in anatomy of different species?

Question 14

what are the 2 pieces of evidence that show evolution by natural selection?

Answer 14

• homologous structures
• analogous structures

Question 15

what are homologous structures?

Answer 15

• structures similar in different species
• species evolved by DIVERGENT EVOLUTION from COMMON ANCESTOR
• example: pentadactyl limb

Question 16

what are analogous structures?

Answer 16

• structures similar in different organisms
• species evolved by CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
• evolved in similar environment but not from recent common ancestor
• example: streamlined torpedo body shape of sharks

Question 17

what is convergent evolution?

Answer 17

• the independent evolution of similar features in a species
• convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form/function but weren’t present in common ancestor

Question 18

when do analogous structures evolve?

Answer 18

when different species live in similar ways/similar environment so face same environmental factors

Question 19

what are the 3 extant subdivisions of the class of animals?

Answer 19

• placental mammals (placentalia)
• marsupial mammals (marsupalia)
• egg laying mammals (monotremata)

Question 20

what are placental mammals?

Answer 20

• foetus carried in uterus until late stage of development
• nourish foetuses via placenta
• sufficiently wide opening at bottom of pelvis to allow birth

Question 21

what are marsupial mammals?

Answer 21

• all extanct marsupials are always in Australasia and the Americas
• foetus carried in uterus until early stage of development
• give birth to less developed young that are kept in mothers pouch

Question 22

how do marsupial and placental mammals show convergent evolution?

Answer 22

because they’re evolving by natural selection in similar climates, environmental factors and having similar habitats