module 5 - 10.7 adaptations Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 meanings of adaptations?

A
  1. dynamic process that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing evolutionary fitness
  2. a state reached by a population during evolution
  3. a phenotypic trait which has a functional role in each individual organism that allow it to survive and reproduce
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2
Q

what are the 3 types of adaptations?

A
  • anatomical
  • behavioural
  • physiological (inside organisms)
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3
Q

what is an anatomical adaptations of marram grass to prevent water loss?

A
  • rolled leaf creates localized environment of water vapour concentration within the leaf
  • stomata sit in small pits within curls of structure - makes them less likely to lose water
  • folded leaves have hairs on the inside to slow or stop air movement
  • thick waxy cuticle
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4
Q

what are innate behavioural adaptations?

A
  • innate or instinctive behavioural adaptations are performed without prior learning
  • complex behaviours and not simple reflexes
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5
Q

what are some examples of innate behavioural adaptations?

A
  • sea turtles, newly hatched on a beach will move towards ocean
  • honeybees dance by dancing in the direction of a food source
  • birds build nests
    the herd instinct is found in human children and chimp cubs
  • congenital fear of snakes and spiders in sixth month old babies
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6
Q

what are learned behavioural adaptations?

A
  • learned behavioural adaptations are after prior learning
  • organisms with more complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to learn new responses to adjust to their behaviour
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7
Q

what are some examples of learned behavioural adaptations?

A
  • prairie dogs give alarms when predators approach
  • imprinting of younge geese to follow mothers
  • social transmission of feeding strategies in killer whales
  • altruism in musk ox
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8
Q

what is altruism?

A

protecting the young

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9
Q

what are physiological adaptations?

A

how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions

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10
Q

what do physiological adaptations IN ANIMALS include?

A
  • thermoregulation
  • homeostasis
  • osmoregulation
  • nervous and hormonal communication
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11
Q

what so physiological adaptations IN PLATS include?

A
  • tropisms
  • photoperiodism
  • dormancy
  • transpiration and translocation
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12
Q

what are some examples of less common physiological adaptations?

A
  • venom production in animals
  • toxin production in plants
  • antibiotic production in fungi and bacteria
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13
Q

what is comparative anatomy?

A

study of similarities and differences in anatomy of different species?

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14
Q

what are the 2 pieces of evidence that show evolution by natural selection?

A
  • homologous structures
  • analogous structures
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15
Q

what are homologous structures?

A
  • structures similar in different species
  • species evolved by DIVERGENT EVOLUTION from COMMON ANCESTOR
  • example: pentadactyl limb
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16
Q

what are analogous structures?

A
  • structures similar in different organisms
  • species evolved by CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
  • evolved in similar environment but not from recent common ancestor
  • example: streamlined torpedo body shape of sharks
17
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A
  • the independent evolution of similar features in a species
  • convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form/function but weren’t present in common ancestor
18
Q

when do analogous structures evolve?

A

when different species live in similar ways/similar environment so face same environmental factors

19
Q

what are the 3 extant subdivisions of the class of animals?

A
  • placental mammals (placentalia)
  • marsupial mammals (marsupalia)
  • egg laying mammals (monotremata)
20
Q

what are placental mammals?

A
  • foetus carried in uterus until late stage of development
  • nourish foetuses via placenta
  • sufficiently wide opening at bottom of pelvis to allow birth
21
Q

what are marsupial mammals?

A
  • all extanct marsupials are always in Australasia and the Americas
  • foetus carried in uterus until early stage of development
  • give birth to less developed young that are kept in mothers pouch
22
Q

how do marsupial and placental mammals show convergent evolution?

A

because they’re evolving by natural selection in similar climates, environmental factors and having similar habitats