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Biology - mr ellis > module 2 - 2.4 eukaryotic cell structure & 2.5 the ultrastructure of plants > Flashcards

module 2 - 2.4 eukaryotic cell structure & 2.5 the ultrastructure of plants Flashcards

1
Q

what is the nucleus?

A
  • contains genetic information in the form of DNA molecules
  • DNA directs the synthesis of all proteins required by the cell
  • nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores
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2
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A
  • area in nucleus that produces ribosomes
  • made of proteins and RNA
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4
Q

what are mitochondrion?

A
  • site of final stages of cellular respiration
  • stores energy in bonds of complex, organic molecules
  • has double membrane
  • produce their own enzymes so can reproduce themselves
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5
Q

what is a vesicle?

A
  • membranous sacs that have storage and transport materials in cells
  • made of a single membrane with fluid inside
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6
Q

what is a lysosome?

A
  • specialised form of vesicle that combine enzymes
  • breaks down waste materials in cells and pathogens in immune system
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7
Q

what is the flagella?

A
  • whip/hair-like extensions
  • longer than cilia
  • used as a sensory organelle - detect changes in cells environment
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8
Q

what is stationary cilia?

A

present on surface of many cells, have important functions in sense organs

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9
Q

what is mobile cilia?

A
  • mobile cilia beat in a rhythmic manner, creating current
  • pairs of parallel microtubules slide over each other
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10
Q

what is the structure of cilia?

A
  • contains 2 central microtubules, surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules
    (wheel structure/ 9+2 structure)
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11
Q

what are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • network of membranes inside a cell where proteins and other molecules move
  • connected to outer membrane of the nucleus
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13
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

ribosomes bound to the surface, responsible for the transport and synthesis of proteins

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14
Q

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

A

lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

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15
Q

what are ribosomes?

A
  • site of proteins synthesis
  • constructed of RNA molecules
  • not surrounded by a membrane
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16
Q

what is the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • compact structure formed of cisternae
  • modifies proteins, ‘packages’ them into vesicles
17
Q

what is the cellulose cell wall?

A
  • plant cell walls made of cellulose - a complex carbohydrate
  • freely permeable, can move in and out of cell
  • gives plant shape
  • support individual cells and whole plant cell
  • defence mechanism, protects cell contents
18
Q

what are vacuoles?

A
  • membrane lined sacs in cytoplasm containing cell sap
  • many plant cells have large permanent vacuoles, very important for maintenance of turgor (rigid cell wall)
  • vacuoles in animal cells are small and impermeable
19
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A
  • responsible for photosynthesis
  • found in the green parts of plants (leave/ stems)
  • double membrane structure
  • an internal network of membranes, form flattened sacs called thylakoids
20
Q

what is the fluid enclosed inside a chloroplast called?

A

stroma

21
Q

what are the differences in DNA in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotic cells
- DNA is naked
- DNA is circular
- usually no introns

eukaryotic cells
- DNA is bound to protein
- DNA is linear
- usually has introns

22
Q

what are the differences in organelles in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotic
- no nucleus
- not membrane bound
- 70S ribosomes

eukaryotic
- has nucleus
- membrane bound
- 80S ribosomes

23
Q

what are the differences in reproduction in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotic
- binary fission
- single chromosome (haploid)

eukaryotic
- mitosis and meiosis
- paired chromosomes (diploid)

24
Q

what are the differences in average size of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotic
- smaller (1-5μm)

eukaryotic
- larger (10-100μm)

Biology - mr ellis (76 decks)

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