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Biology - mr ellis > A LEVEL BIOLOGY KEY TERMS > Flashcards

A LEVEL BIOLOGY KEY TERMS Flashcards

1
Q

What is aminoacylase?

A

Enzyme used to produce samples of L-amino acids

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2
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

Non-living conditions in a habitat

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3
Q

What is abscission?

A

Fall of leaves

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4
Q

What is acetyl coenzyme A?

A

Molecule that enters Krebs cycle from glycolysis through linking reaction, coenzyme A combines with an acetyl group

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5
Q

What is acetylation?

A

Addition of acetyl group

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6
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Change in potential difference across the neurone membrane of the axon when stimulated (appox. +40mV)

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7
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy required to initiate a reaction

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8
Q

What is an active site?

A

Area of an enzyme complementary to a specific substrate, allowing enzyme to bird to a substrate with specificity

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9
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of particles across a plasma membrane against concentration gradient - energy is required

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10
Q

What is ADP?

A
  • Nucleotide made of adenine, pentose sugar and 2 phosphate groups
  • formed by hydrolysis of ATP, releasing a phosphate ion and energy
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11
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • Nucleotide made of adenine, pentose sugar and 3 phosphate groups
  • universal energy currency for cells
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12
Q

What are agglutinins?

A

Chemicals (antibodies) that cause pathogens to clump together so can be engulfed by pathogens easier

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13
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation?

A

Fermentation that results in production of ethanol

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14
Q

What are alkaloids?

A

Bitter-tasting compounds found in plant leaves that may affect metabolism of animals eating plant/poisoning them

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15
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene

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16
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

Relative frequency of a particular allele in a population at a given time

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17
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Speciation that occurs as a result of a physical barrier between populations

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18
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Monomer used to build polypeptides and therefore proteins

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19
Q

What is ammonification?

A

Conversion of nitrogen compounds in dead matter or waste into ammonium compounds by decomposers

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20
Q

What are anabolic steroids?

A

Steroid drugs used by athletes to increase muscle mass

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21
Q

What does anabolic mean?

A
  • Reactions of metabolism that construct molecules from smaller units
  • reactions require envy from hydrolysis of ATP
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22
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration in absence of oxygen

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23
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Structures adapted to perform same function but have a different origin

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24
Q

What is anaphase?

A

3rd stage of mitosis where chromatids are separated to opposite poles of me cell

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25
Q

What are antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A

Bacteria that undergo mutation to become resistant to an antibiotic and then survive to increase in number

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26
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

A chemical or compand that kills / inhibits grown of bacteria

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27
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Y -shaped glycoproteins made by B cells of me immune system in response to antigen

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28
Q

What is ADH?

A

Hormone that increases permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water

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29
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Identifying chemical on surface of cell to trigger an immune response

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30
Q

What is an antigen-antibody complex?

A

Complex formed when an antibody and antigen bind

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31
Q

What is an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

A

A cell that displays foreign antigens complexed with histocompatibility (tissue compatability) complexes on their surfaces

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32
Q

What is the antisense strand?

A

Strand of DNA that runs 3’ to 5’ and is complementary to sense strand
- acts as template stand during transcription

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33
Q

What are anti-toxins?

A

Chemicals (antibodies) that bind to toxins produced by pathogens so they no longer have an effect

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34
Q

What is apical dominance?

A

The grown and dominance of the main shoot as a result of the lateral shoots being suppressed by auxin

35
Q

What is an apoplast?

A

The cell walls and intracellular spaces of plant cells

36
Q

What is the apoplast route?

A

Movement of substances through cell walls and cell spaces by diffusion and into cytoplasm by active transport

37
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed and controlled cell death important in controlling body form in removal of damaged or diseased cells

38
Q

What is arrhythmia?

A

Abnormal rhythm of the heart

39
Q

What are artefacts?

A

Objects/structures seen through a microscope that have been created during the processing of a specimen

40
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Immunity which results from exposure to a safe form of a pathogen e.g. Vaccination

41
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

Immunity that results from administration of antibodies from another animal against a dangerous pathogen

42
Q

What is artificial twinning?

A

Process of producing monozygotic noons artificially

43
Q

What are aseptic techniques?

A

Techniques used to culture microorganisms in stents conditions to they aren’t contaminated with unwanted microorganisms.

44
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent

45
Q

What are assimilates?

A

The products of photosynthesis that are transported around the plant e.g. Sucrose

46
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Abnormal rhythm of heart when aria beat very fast and incompletely

47
Q

What is the AVN?

A

Stimulates Vernice’s to contact after imposing slight delay to ensure atrial contraction is complete

48
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

Condition/illness resulting from autoimmune response

49
Q

What is an autoimmune response?

A

Response when the immune system acts against is own sets and destroys healthy tissue in the body

50
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Part of the nervous system under subconscious control

51
Q

What s autosomal linkage?

A

Genes present on the same non-sex chromosome

52
Q

What is autotrophic?

A

Organisms that synthesise complex molecules via photosynthesis

53
Q

What are auxins?

A

Plants hormones that control cell elongation, prevent leaf fall, maintain apical dominance, produce tropic responses and stimulate the use of ethene in fruit ripening

54
Q

What is a B effector cell?

A

B lymphocytes that aided to form plasma clones

55
Q

What are B lymphocytes (B cells)?

A

Lymphocytes which mature in the bone marrow that are involved in production of antibodies

56
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Receptors which detect changes in pressure

57
Q

What is batch fermentation?

A

Industrial fermentation that runs for a set time.

58
Q

What sa belt transect?

A

2 parallel lines are marked along the ground and samples are taken of me area at specific points

59
Q

What is Benedict’s reagent?

A

An alkaline solution of copper (ii) sulphate used in chemical tests for reducing and non-reducing sugars
- brick-red precipitate indicates positive result

60
Q

What is a beta pleated sheet?

A

Sheet-like secondary structure of proteins

61
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

Variety of living organisms living in on area

62
Q

What are bioinformatics?

A

Development of software and computing tools needed to analyse and organise raw biological data

63
Q

What is biomass?

A

Mass of living material

64
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Use of microorganisms to break down pollutants and containments in soil or water

65
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

The living components of on ecosystem

66
Q

What is the biuret test?

A

Chemical test for proteins, peptide bonds form violet coloured complexes with copper ions in alkaline solutions

67
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on uptake and release of oxygen by haemoglobin

68
Q

What is the bowman’s capsule?

A

Cup-shaped structure containing glomerulus and is me site of ultrafiltration in the kidney

69
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Slow heart rate or below 60 bpm

70
Q

What is breathing rate?

A

Number of breaths per min

71
Q

What is bulk transport?

A

Form of active transport where large molecules are moved into/out of the cell by endo/exocytosis

72
Q

What is the bundle of His?

A

Conducting tissue made of purkyne fibres that passes through septum of the heart

73
Q

What is callose?

A

Polysaccharide containing ß1-3 and ß1-6 linkages between the glucose monomers that is important in plant response to infection

74
Q

what is the calvin cycle?

A

cyclical light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

75
Q

what is carbaminohaemoglobin?

A

compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin

76
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

organic polymers composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- also known as saccharides or sugars

77
Q

what is carbonic anhydrase?

A

enzyme which catalyses reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

78
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

events of a single heart beat, composed of diastole and systole

79
Q

what is a carrier?

A

a person who has one copy of an allele coding for a genetically inherited condition

80
Q

what are carrier proteins?

A

membrane proteins that play a part in the transport of substances through a membrane

81
Q

whare is carrying capacity?

A

maximum population size that an environment can support

82
Q

what is cartilage?

A

strong, flexible connective tissue found in many areas of bodies of humans and other animals

83
Q
A

Biology - mr ellis (76 decks)

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