B12c Developing understanding of genetics (triple only) Flashcards

1
Q

Name the scientist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

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2
Q

Outline how Darwin arrived at his theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Observations on a round the world expedition
Years of experimentation and discussion
Linked to developing knowledge of geology and fossils

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3
Q

Outline the process of evolution by natural selection

A

individual organism within a particular species show a wide range of variation
individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive and breed successfully
Beneficial characteristics are passed on to the next generation

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4
Q

Name the book Darwin published describing his ideas

and the date of publication

A

On the origins of species
1859

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5
Q

Why was the theory of evolution by natural selection initially not accepted?

A

Theory challenged the idea that God made all the animals and plants that lived on Earth
Insufficient evidence at the time to convince many scientists
Mechanism of inheritance and variation was not known until 50 years after the theory was published

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6
Q

Name another scientist working on other theories explaining the changes that occur in an organism

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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7
Q

What was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

A

Changes occur in an organism during its life time can be inherited

In most cases this type of inheritance cannot occur

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8
Q

Name the scientist who independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection and published joint writings with Darwin

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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9
Q

What did Wallace work on?

A

Gathering evidence for evolution
Warning colouration in animals
Theory of speciation

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10
Q

Name the two scientists that proposed the theory of evolution

A

Darwin and Wallace

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11
Q

What cuases Darwin to publish his Origin of Species?

A

Wallace proposed his theory of evolution

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12
Q

What is speciation?

A

Formation of a new species
Two populations become so varied that they cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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13
Q

Give a definition of species

A

A group of organisms with similar characteristics which are able to breed to produce fertile offspring

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14
Q

Outline the process of speciation through geographic isolation

A

Two populations of the same species are separated geographically
Geographic isolation prevents interbreeding and mixing of alleles between the populations
Different alleles are selected for in each geographical area
Different phenotypes develop in each population
Over time, the tow populations may evolve so that they are not able to interbreed.

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15
Q

Why is genetic variation important in speciation?

A

Genetic variation produces phenotypic variation
Some phenotypes are better suited to the environment and are selected for

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16
Q

How did Mendel study inheritance?

A

Breeding experiments on pea plants and analysing the ratio of characteristics in offspring

17
Q

Why was Mendel’s work not recognised until after his death?

A

Could not explain the mechanism of inheritance (chromosomes only discovered after his death)
Behaviour cf chromosomes in cell division had not been observed
Not communicated well to other scientists and not published in a reputable scientific journal

18
Q

When was cell division first observed?

A

Late 19th century

19
Q

When was the strucutre of DNA determined?

A

Early 20th century

20
Q

What word did Mendal use to describe what we now call genes

A

Units