Immunology Based Therapies

Question 1

Polymorphisms

Answer 1

differences in proteins (and amino acids) from one person to another and makes transplants really hard. The most polymorphic are MHC molecules.

Question 2

Allogenic immune response

Answer 2

reaction against a difference in a polymorphism when doing transplants

Question 3

What is a transplant rejection

Answer 3

T cells and antibodies will travel via blood to the tissue (where the new organ is) and attack the cells

Question 4

What is the most major immunologic barrier to transplants?

Answer 4

T cells

Question 5

Blood types explained

Answer 5

different blood types have carbohydrates on the outside of their blood (except for O, which has none and AB has both).
Blood types also have antibodies against other blood types. EX: A blood has antibodies against B. AB has no anti-antibodies. O has both A and B anti-antibodies.

Question 6

What happens in a transfusion reaction when the anti-antibodies react to the donor blood?

Answer 6

donor blood destroyed by 1) opsonization 2) complement activation

Question 7

What is cross matching?

Answer 7

Take serum of receipient and test against donor blood to see if there is any reaction in the lab (invitro)

Question 8

Passive immunotherapy

Answer 8

Take antibodies from one person and transplant them into another person

Question 9

Vectored Immunophylaxis

Answer 9

Take antibodies from one person, clone the gene for the antibodies. But then gene in a vector and put the whole thing inside another person so they can start transcribing their own antibodies

Question 10

CAR-T

Answer 10

Take the Fc region of a TCR of a T cell (gene) and put with the Fab region of an antibody that recognizes a tumor (gene). Combine this and put into a T cell. This T cell has the ability to recognize a tumor antigen and do the signaling to expand/proliferate and kill the tumor

Question 11

What kind of antigen are CART used to go against?

Answer 11

CD19 on surface of B cells (B cell leukemia)

Question 12

Neoantigen discovery

Answer 12

tumors that are more mutated have more antigens and can test to see which ones can be displayed on MHC molecules.

Question 13

Tumor vaccination

Answer 13

find mutant peptides and see if can be displayed on an MHC molecule. If can, synthesizie that peptide and put the peptides into a person. This will cause an immune response (D.C –> T cell –> destruction of tumor)

Question 14

What cancer is treated by checkpoint blockades?

Answer 14

metastatic melanoma

Question 15

Why do people undergoing checkpoint blockade therapy for melanoma develop vitiligo?

Answer 15

Melanocytes and melanoma have very similar proteins so they are both being attacked.

Question 16

Mouse 1 gets tissue from mouse 2. Mouse 3 and 4 are sibblings of mouse 1. Mouse 5 is the dad. Mouse 1 rejects the tissue from mouse 2. If the mouse gets another tissue, which mouse will cause THE WORST rejection?

Answer 16

tissue from mouse 2 again. This is because memory T cells, memory B cells are around and will react quicker and worse next time tissue is introduced.

Question 17

What are 3 ways immunosuppresive drugs work?

Answer 17

1) block signaling of MHC/HLA from D.C to T-Cell
2) block IL-2 receptor on T cells
3) antibodies can bind to the surface of activated T cells and cause the T cells to do apoptosis.