Chapter 5

Question 1

difference distal and proximal beliefs about health behaviour

Answer 1

distal: culture, environment, ethnicity, SES, age, gender and personality –> more of a moderator between influences and health behavior.
proximal: beliefs about health behaviour. Proximal influences can be a mediator in the relationship between a distal influence and health behaviour.

Question 2

Eysenck’s three-factor model:

Answer 2

extroversion-neuroticism-psychoticism

Question 3

McCrae and Costa’s five-factor model

Answer 3

OCEAN: openess, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Question 4

locus of control

Answer 4

Locus of control verwijst naar de mate waarin een persoon zijn gedrag toeschrijft aan interne (‘het lag aan mij’) of externe (‘het lag buiten mij’) oorzaken. Mensen kennen altijd een oorzaak toe aan hun gedrag.

het is het beste om een internal health locus of control te hebben

Question 5

Multidimensional Health Locus of Control

Answer 5

kijken wat voor locus of control je hebt. Je wilt die internal health locus of control!

Question 6

perceived behavioural control

Answer 6

is more beaviour specific and focused on proximal influences unlike HLC (theory of planned behaviour, health action process approach model)

Question 7

Dispositional pessimism in terms of self control

Answer 7

a belief of low personal control leads to higher perceivd risk of disease but less doing of health protective behaviour

Question 8

self-determination theory

Answer 8

considers the extent to which behavior is self-motivated (intrinsic factors) and influenced by the core needs of autonomy, competence and psychological factors. Self-determination theory suggests that all humans have three basic psychological needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—that underlie growth and development. Autonomy refers to feeling one has choice and is willingly endorsing one’s behavior.

Question 9

difference between descriptive and injunctive norms

Answer 9

Descriptive norms are related to the observation of others’ overt behaviors (how much and how often they drink), while injunctive norms are based on the inference of others’ approval of drinking.

Question 10

existential theory

Answer 10

individuals must seek meaning in their lives if they are to find metal health or happiness

Question 11

attitudes are based on what three components?

Answer 11

congitive: beliefs
emotional: feelings
behavioural/intentional: what you intend to do

stable, generalizable, and consistent

Question 12

cognitive dissonane

Answer 12

when we have conflicting thoughts. ambivalence arises when we don’t resolve the cognitive dissonance and you want to change but you don’t

Question 13

ambivalence

Answer 13

arises when we don’t resolve the cognitive dissonance and you want to change but you don’

Question 14

nudging

Answer 14

to encourage or persuade someone to do something in a way that is gentle rather than forceful or direct (acts on implicit attitudes)

Question 15

unrealistic optimism

Answer 15

some people compare themselves to certain others to make a risk assessment that will come out in their favour

Question 16

social cognitive theory (SCT)

Answer 16

Bandura: behaviour determined by three types of individual expectations
1. situation-oucomes expectancies: smoking –> heart attack
2. outcome expectancies: stop smoking –> less chance of a heart attack
3. self-efficacy beliefs –> whether you think you can stop smoking

Question 17

the health belief model

Answer 17

Een vroege en uitgebreid onderzochte theorie over waarom mensen bepaald gezond gedrag wel en niet in de praktijk brengen. Volgens het model is de ervaren dreiging de belangrijkste determinant van motivatie of intentie om preventief of gezondheidsbevorderend gedrag te vertonen.

the hbm is more involved in starting behavior, and less involved in sustaining health behaviour. It is also a static model; it does not consider changing beliefs

Question 18

limitations of HBM

Answer 18

• relationships between components are complex
• overestimates the role of threat: can be counterproductive
• beliefs about benefits and barriers of an individual are not in the HBM and are more predictive than general beliefs
• pays too little attention to interpersonal dynamics
• previous behavior also affects current beahviour
• emotions can also affect behaviour
• enjoyment of health behaviouris also a more important predictor of future behaviour

Question 19

theory of planned behaviour

Answer 19

attitude toward the behaviour, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, all lead to intention which leads to behaviour.

PRedictive value of perceived behavioural control is greatest when viewed in interaction with other components of the model, such as beliefs and attitudes and general locus of control. People with high LOC, the relationship between perceived behavioral control and intention is greatest.

since smoking is a habit, tbp doesnt explian it, it does explain sexual behaviour like using condoms

Question 20

what does TPB not do?

Answer 20

It does not look at the bidirectional relationship between predictors (attitudes and subjective norm) and outcomes of intention or behaviour
- there is a gap between having an intention and actual behavior, no distinction is made in starting and sustaining behaviour.

Question 21

Gollwitzer: implementation-intention

Answer 21

if then statement in which you describe the context and the desired behaviour. The gap between intention and behaviour lies in the lack of a plan. it makes behaviour more automatic.

Question 22

what are other predictors beside TPB?

Answer 22

past behaviour, habits and automaticity, emotions (like inaction regret) , moral normals, self-identity, implementation intention, coping planning, goals and goal intentions

Question 23

a stage theory has four properties (Weinstein)

Answer 23

• calssification system to determine stages
• there is an order to stages and everyone must go through all stages to achieve change. Not everyone reaches the end point and people can also fall back into a lower stage
• stages are characterised by certain barriers
• different stages have different barriers

Question 24

the transtheoretical model/stages of change model: TTM/SoC

Answer 24

Developed to describe the process of intentionally starting and sustaining behaviour. Model assumes different stages.
1. precontemplation: no interest or need for interest in change
2. contemplation: thinking about changing
3. preparation: planning for change
4. action: adopting new habits
5. maintenance: ongoing practice of newm healthier behaviour

Question 25

what is the decisional balance in the transtheoretical model/SoC model?

Answer 25

the weighting of the advantages and disadvantages. during the contemplation phase, the disadvantages could outweigh the advantages forexample, but this could be different in the preparation phase.

Question 26

What are limitations of the TTm?

Answer 26

• are the motivation factors necessary for change? self-efficacy is very important, as in all phases
• the time durations associated with different phases are not correct
• not all participants fit into one of the five phases. continuous scale of readiness to change seems better than discrete phases
• there is no phase where people do not have enougn knowledge of the problem (as in the beginning with COVID)
  -there is no influence of past behaviour
• model forgets the social aspect of many health behaviours

Question 27

The precaution adoption process model (PAPM)

Answer 27

considered limitations of the TTM

1. unaware of issue
2. unengaged by the issue
3. deciding about acting
4. deciding not to act OR
5. decided to act
6. acting
7. maintenance.

Question 28

health action process approach (HAPA)

Answer 28

Motivation stage: attitudes, cognitions and social factors influence a person’s intention to change behaviour
- risk perception
- outcome expectancies probably precede self-efficacy (if it is the first time someone is doing something)
- task self-efficacy
- goal intentio
- self-efficacy in the motivation phase is task/pre-action self-efficacy: whether you can imagine that you are going to be succesful.

Volition stage: to turn an intention into action, a conscious choice to act must be made and this involves planning. Especially in complex behaviours, this is necessary.
- implementation intentions come into play here
- initiative self-efficacy is needed: the belief that you can take initiative when needed. when you have started you need maintenance self-efficacy. recovery self-efficacy when you relapse and so on.

Question 29

limitations of the HAPA

Answer 29

does it predict behaviour better than other models in certain populations? it predicts behaviour less well for young people and where are the unconscious processes

Question 30

Information-Motivation-Behavioural skills model (IMB)

Answer 30

states that behaviour can be directly or indirectly influenced by information a person has about certain behaviour and its consequences.