chapter 9, 10

Question 1

Somatic sensations are less likely to be noticed when
a person’s attention is engaged externally. However, certain groups in society have been prone to
perceive more bodily signs. This has to do with 4 things. Name them

Answer 1

● Gender socialization may provide women with a greater readiness to attend to
and perceive bodily signs and symptoms. Furthermore, women are more likely to
attribute these to an underlying issue.
● Increasing age tends to be associated with increased symptom self-report
● Personality types have an effect on bodily sign interpretation.
○ Neuroticism is linked with more introspective behavior and the negative
appraisal of somatic information.
○ Type A behavior causes a person to be less likely to perceive symptoms
● Cultural variation

Question 2

Illness cognition

Answer 2

Illness cognition is the person’s perception of a symptom or illness and how they
represent it to themselves and others

Question 3

Mental representations of illness

Answer 3

emerge as soon as a
person experiences a symptom or receives a diagnostic label. A study found five consistent
themes in the context of illness representations that were reported, Namely;
● Identity
● Consequences
● Cause
● Timeline
● Curability/controllability

Question 4

The Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R)

Answer 4

assesses al five constructs and
distinguishes between beliefs about personal control over illness from outcome expectancies and
perceived treatment control.

Question 5

illness behavior

Answer 5

Experiencing symptoms without seeking care can be seen as this

Question 6

lay referral system

Answer 6

cosists of friends, family, and others in a person’s social context that may influence an individual’s response to symptoms or perceived health threatsq

Question 7

The problem
is that there is often a large total delay between the recognition of symptoms and seeking help. this dealy consists of…

Answer 7

This delay consists of the appraisal delay (recognizing symptoms), illness delay (concluding
illness), and finally utilization delay (receiving care).

Question 8

you can distinguish between a more professional-centered approach and a
patient-centered approach.

Answer 8

Whereas the first one puts more power in the hands of the doctor
who asks questions to gain information and make a decision, the second one is characterized by
active communication and cooperation between the doctor and the patien

Question 9

Bad news consultation, The SPIKES
model.

Answer 9

S = Setting up the interview. Arrange for privacy and involve significant others.
P = Assessing the patient’s perceptions. Use open-ended questions to gain an understanding of
how the patient perceives their medical situation
I = Obtaining the patient’s invitation. Try to understand how much a person wants to know
about their diagnosis.
K = Giving Knowledge and information to the patient
E = Addressing the Emotions of the patient
S = Strategy and summary. Establish a clear plan for the future.

Question 10

Moving beyond the consultation starts with establishing a diagnosis. Doctors generally do
that in three different ways;

Answer 10

● Hypothesis testing
● Pattern recognition
● Heuristics and biases. Although these are inevitable, they are the least reliable. A few of
them include the availability bias, confirmation bias, or anchoring effect.

Question 11

Maximizing
adherence to medication can be done by

Answer 11

● Achieving concordance between doctor and patient
● Offering the opportunity for patient involvement
● Making information about the illness and treatment more available
● Maximizing memory at the time of prescription
● Providing extrinsic rewards for adherence through e.g social support

Question 12

Nocebo effects

Answer 12

are negative effects attributed to negative expectations of the patient. The
formation of these expectations can go through learning, conditioning

Question 13

Medical consultations typically include 5 stages

Answer 13

1. Establishing a relationship
2. Attempt to discover reason
3. Verbal/physical examination
4. Considering condition
5. Considering further treatment/investigation

Question 14

chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia

Answer 14

happens when symptoms persist, but they are unexplained

Question 15

affects social bonding processes and stress regulation
dependent on aspects of context and interindividual factors.

Answer 15

Increased likelihood symptom perception if …
1. Painful or disruptive
2. Novel (or rare)
3. Persistent
4. Pre-existing chronic disease

Question 16

• Children undergoing oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy and their families who
  understood symptoms as signaling desensitization (versus as side effects):

Answer 16

• Were less anxious
• Were less likely to contact staff about symptoms
• Experienced fewer non-life threatening symptoms
• Were less likely to skip/reduce dose
• Experienced greater increase in patient peanut-specific blood lgG4 levels