Health Promotion

Question 1

What is health promotion?

Answer 1

Health promotion is, as stated in the 1986 World Health Organization (WHO) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, the “process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health’’

Question 2

3 basic approaches to health promotion?

Answer 2

1. Prevention
   - health environment, health services, primary level prevention
2. health education
3. health protection
   - laws/policy

Question 3

Guiding principles of health promotion?

Answer 3

1. Empowering individuals and communities
2. Participatory
   - involving all
3. Holistic
   - all four dimensions of health
4. Inter-sectoral
   - collaboration of all agencies
5. Equitable
   - equity and social justice
6. Sustainable
   - changes are maintained
7. Multi-strategy
   - variety of approaches

Question 4

5 action areas for health promotion - Ottawa Charter?

Answer 4

1. Develop healthy public policy
2. Create supportive environment for health
3. Strengthen community action
4. Develop personal skills
   i.e. modifying their life style towards healthy behaviours
5. Reorient health services

Question 5

Evaluation of Health promotion activities in a community is done by assessing…?

Answer 5

1. Quality of life indicators
2. Health knowledge, attitude, motivation and skills
3. Social action and influence (community social action and influence (community participation & public opinion)
4. Legislation, regulation for public health

Question 6

What are the effects of health education/communication?
Why do we do health education?

Answer 6

1. Increase the intended audience’s knowledge and awareness of a health issue, problem, or solution;
2. Influence perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes that may change social norms;
3. Prompt action
4. Demonstrate or illustrate healthy skills
5. Reinforce knowledge, attitudes, or behavior
6. Show the benefit of behavior change
7. Advocate a position on a health issue or policy
8. Increase demand or support for health services
9. Refute myths and misconceptions
10. Strengthen organizational relationships.

Question 7

What is a health belief model?

Answer 7

is a theoretical model that is used to explain and predict individual changes in health behaviours and can be used to guide health promotion and disease prevention programs

Question 8

State the constructs which represent the perceived threat and net benefits?

Answer 8

1. the individual’s perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem (susceptibility, severity)
2. the benefits of avoiding the threat
3. factors influencing the decision to act (barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy)

Question 9

Describe the constructs which represent the perceived threat and net benefits?

Answer 9

1. Perceived susceptibility
   - a person’s opinion of the chances of getting a certain condition;
2. Perceived severity
   - a person’s opinion of how serious this condition is
3. Perceived benefits
   - a person’s opinion of the effectiveness of some advised action to reduce the risk or seriousness of the
   impact
4. Perceived barriers
   - a person’s opinion of the concrete and psychological costs of this advised action. Facilitated by
5. Cues to action
6. Self-efficacy
   - confidence in self to perform an action

Question 10

Name the behavioural change models?

Answer 10

1. health belief model
2. stages of change/transtheoretical model
3. precaution adoption model
4. theory of reasoned action
5. social learning theory or social cognitive theory

Question 11

What is the stages of change model?

Question 12

What are the 6 stages is the stages of change model?

Answer 12

1. Pre-contemplation
   - the person is unaware of the problem or has not thought seriously about change
2. Contemplation
   - the person is seriously thinking about a change (in the near future)
3. Preparation
   - the person is planning to take action and is making final adjustments before changing behaviour
4. Action
   - the person implements some specific action plan to overtly modify behaviour and surroundings;
5. Maintenance
   - the person continues with desirable actions (repeating the periodic recommended steps while
   struggling to prevent lapses and relapse
6. Termination
   - the person has zero temptation and the ability to resist relapse

Question 13

What is the theory of reasoned action?

Answer 13

Function of attitude (positive or negative) towards a behaviour and the subjective norms of the social environment

Question 14

What is the Social Learning Theory/Social Cognitive Theory?

Answer 14

Personal factors (one’s cognitive processes), behavior, and
environmental influences continually interact in a process of reciprocal determinism or reciprocal causality. These are
very dynamic relationships where the person can shape the environment as well as environment shaping the person
(bidirectional)

Question 15

What is the diffusion of innovation?

Answer 15

A theory that seeks to explain how, why and what rate new ideas and technology spread

Question 16

What are stages of adoption?

Answer 16

Knowledge (Awareness of an innovation)
Persuasion
Decision to dopt
Implementation (initial use)
Maintenance

Question 17

What are diffusion networks?

Answer 17

1. Homophily: degree to which interacting individuals are similar in their attributes e.g. education, social status
2. Heterophily: Having different attributes

Question 18

What are the factors that influence adoption of an inovation?

Answer 18

1. Relative advantage: benefits better than previous option
2. Compatibility: consistent with values, experiences, needs of adopters
3. Complexity: Easy to understand
4. Trialability: tested via limited trials
5. Observability: Visible results

Question 19

What are adopter categories?

Answer 19

a. Innovators: First to try the innovation; ventruresome, risk takers
b. Early adopters: Opinion leaders, already ware of need to change
c. Early majority: Need to see evidence that the innovation works before they are willing to adopt it. Use success stories
d. Late majority: Skeptical of change, need to see majority who have adopted it
e. Laggards: Bound to tradition and very conservative, hard to bring on board. Use statistics to win then, fear appeals, innovators
and early adopters pressure on them.

Question 20

Conditions for successful workplace health promotion initiatives?

Answer 20

Senior management commitment and involvement; Primary
focus on employees needs regardless of healthy status; Participatory planning (engagement and empowerment); Optimal use of site
resources (personnel, physical resources, specialists etc.); Integration (overall workplace health policy); Evaluation (goals, outcome,
objectives); Address multiple (interdependent person’s health) factors; Organizational culture (tailored programs to a particular
workplace); Long-term commitment (sustain the benefits)

Question 21

Degrees of participation?

Answer 21

1. Co-option: token involvement of local people; representatives are chosen, but have no real input or power
2. Compliance: tasks are assigned, with incentives; outsiders decide agenda and direct the process
3. Consultation: local opinions are asked. Outsiders analyze and decide on a course of action
4. Cooperation: local people work together with outsiders to determine priorities; responsibility remains with outsiders for
   directing the process
5. Co-learning: local people and outsiders share their knowledge to create new understanding and work together to form action
   plans with outsider facilitation
6. Collective Action: local people set their own agenda and mobilize to carry it out, in the absence of outside initiators and
   facilitation