Week 7/8 formative quiz questions Flashcards

1
Q

The majority of cancers arise from epithelial cells

A

The majority of cancers arise from epithelial cells

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2
Q

Endostatin inhibits angiogenesis

A

True - Endostatin which is a component of collagen is released and blocks the MAPK pathway and ultimately inhibits gene expression.

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3
Q

Platelets are small blood cells that bud off from megakaryocytes.

A

True – platelets are formed from large megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Platelets are very small cells, and do not have a nucleus.

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4
Q

Poor blood supply to a tissue is called ischaemia

A

True - for example, poor blood supply to the heart muscle (myocardial ischaemia) causes chest pain, known as angina.

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5
Q

Cyclin D controls the movement of cells through the cell cycle

A

True - binds with CDK 4/6 and help push cells out of G0 into G1 to grow

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6
Q

Tumour suppressor genes are dominant in nature

A

False - they are recessive and require 2 alleles to have a mutation

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7
Q

Haemostasis occurs when bleeding continues

A

False – haemostasis refers to the cessation of bleeding after an injury

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8
Q

Fibrin is insoluble

A

True – While fibrinogen is soluble, fibrin is insoluble, allowing it to play its role in clot formation

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9
Q

The blood clotting system, when activated, results in thrombin production

A

True – activation of the clotting system produces thrombin, which in turn activates fibrin, which is a major component of blood clots

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10
Q

EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) is a process which is continually occurring in adult life

A

False - usually occurs in embryogenesis and in cancer

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11
Q

Cancer which originate from glandular cells are known as sarcomas

A

False -they are known as adenocarcinomas

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12
Q

Programmed cell death involves phagocytosis

A

True - this is a clean form of cell death known as apoptosis

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13
Q

Localised death of tissue is called infarction

A

True – examples include myocardial infarction following occlusion of a coronary artery (a heart attack) or cerebral infarction following occlusion of a cerebral artery (a stroke)

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14
Q

Tumours create an environment rich in oxygen

A

False - The angiogenic switch is controlled by hypoxia. Tumours activate this pathway by creating a hypoxic environment. As a result HIF1 alpha and beta are activated and trigger VEGF

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15
Q

High oxygen levels are called hypoxia

A

False- hypoxia is the word for low oxygen levels

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16
Q

Thrombosis and clot formation are the same process

A

False – thrombosis is clot formation that occurs inside a vein or artery, often occluding the vessel. This is a pathological process.

17
Q

Thrombosis occurs when platelets and fibrin form a solid pale plug

A

True – as in physiological clot formation, thrombosis results from the formation of a plug by platelet aggregation and fibrin mesh

18
Q

Vasoconstriction promotes bleeding during injury

A

False – vasoconstriction limits blood flow and prevents bleeding

19
Q

In normal cells, telomeres allow chromosomes to increase in length with each round of DNA replication

A

False - Telomeres are the counting device which shorten chromosomal ends with each round of replication ensuring cell numbers are under control

20
Q

Aim of chemotherapy is to force cell into apoptosis

A

True - chemotherapy disrupts DNA and RNA causing cell damage and ultimately death

21
Q

Blood vessels typically have a lining of endothelial cells

A

True – epithelial cells lining a blood vessel are called endothelium

22
Q

Thrombolysis is a mechanism for removing thrombus and clots

A

True – thrombolytic enzymes are present naturally in the blood, and this process can be replicated artificially with drugs

23
Q

Matrix metalloproteins contribute to loss of cell junctions

A

True - cleave extracellular portion of e cadherin

24
Q

Thrombosis is solidification of stagnant blood

A

False – thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot, or thrombus, inside a blood vessel. This can occur at a site of damaged endothelium, due to stagnant flow, or due to thrombophilia (“sticky blood”)

25
Q

E cadherin is involved in cell to cell adhesion

A

True - E - cadherin is involved in the adhesion of sheets of epithelial cells and has been studied due to its role in tumour suppression. Many epithelial cell cancers have been show to have high metastatic ability and they frequently demonstrate downregulation or mutation of E-cadherin

26
Q

Damage to interstitial collagens, located around vessels, can induce Tissue Factor release

A

True – damage to the collagenous connective tissue surrounding blood vessels is one of the ways tissue factor release is induced. Tissue factor can initiate the clotting system

27
Q

Tumour profile on a patient with Non Small Cell Lung cancer has shown a portion of PDL1 of 20%, they will be eligible for pembrolizumab

A

False PDL1 must be >50% to be eligible for treatment. However there are other immunotherapy treatment which are available in the recurrent and second line setting which can be given with a PDL1 of <50%
(no clue wtf that is on about btw)

28
Q

Pulmonary embolism involves a thrombus dislodging from a lung vein and lodging in another organ

A

False – pulmonary embolism involves a thrombus dislodging from a distant location (usually one of the deep veins in the leg or pelvis) and lodging in the lung.

29
Q

Circulatory shock is characterised by high blood pressure

A

False- circulatory shock means failure of the circulatory system, and is characterised by low blood pressure

30
Q

Pathological thrombosis can be predisposed by changes to the intimal surface of a vessel.

A

True – disturbance to the vascular endothelium can promote thrombus. Other predisposing factors are stagnant blood flow and hypercoagulability

31
Q

Circulatory shock can be a consequence of bleeding

A

True - severe blood loss can lead to an insufficient circulating volume to maintain normal blood pressure

32
Q

Anastrozole works by inhibiting oestrogen

A

False - it does not block oestrogen directly, it works by inhibiting the conversion of androgens to oestrogen

33
Q

Serum contains clotting factors.

A

False – by definition, serum is what is left of blood plasma once clotting factors have been removed. It contains all other circulating proteins, antibodies, hormones, electrolytes, exogenous substances dissolved in the bloodstream, etc

34
Q

Virchow’s triad describes the predisposing factors for infarction of tissue

A

False – Virchow’s triad describes the predisposing factors for pathological thrombosis. They are endothelial damage, stasis of blood flow and hypercoagulability

35
Q

Most common immunotherapy side effects is nephritis

A

False - colitis in 30% of dual immunotherapy patients