human growth and dev Flashcards
freud’s stages
oral (0 yr-1; attachment and bonding), anal, phallic, latency (sexually least emphasized), genital
erik erikson’s 8 stages
trust v mistrust (0-1yr; trust that basic needs will be met)
autonomy v. shame/doubt (1-3 yr; develop a sense of independence)
initiative v. guilt (3-6 yr; take initiative in activities)
industry v. inferiority (7-11 yr; develop self-confidence in abilities when competent)
identity v. role confusion (12-18 yr; experiment with and develop identity/role)
intimacy v. isolation (19-29 yr; establish intimacy and relationship with others)
generativity v stagnation/self absorption (30-64 yr; contribute to society and be part of a family)
- mid life crisis-gereativity=ability to be productive and happy outside oneself)
integrity v despair (65+; integrity=life has been worthwhile)
piaget stages (cognitive dev theory)
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational (masters conservation and reversibility), formal operational
piaget’s research
informal, utilizing games and his own children, didnt consider himself an educator, structuralist who believed stage changes are qualitative
id definition
pleasure principle and animalistic instincts
ego definition
reality principle
superego definition
conscience
radical behaviorism
“if it can’t be measured, then it doesn’t exist”
constructive model of dev
individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan
idiographic
examine individuals to develop theories
nomothetic
study groups to generate principles
alfred binet
first intelligence test
t-test
determines if 2 groups have significantly different means
conservation definition
weight, mass, volume remain same as shape changes
reversibility definition
actions can be undone, objects can return to original shape
symbolic schema
cognitive structure that grows with life experience
lev vygotsky
development happens through education and zone of prox dev
lawrence kohlberg
moral development through stories
kohlbergs 3 levels of morality
preconventional/premoral (respond to consequences, reward and punishment)
conventional/morality of conventional rules (ind wants to meet standards of family, society, nation)
postconventional (self-accepted and imposed morality created by self)
john watson
father of american behaviorism
epigenetic definition
each stage develops from the one before it
egocentrism definition
child cannot view the world from another vantage point
heinz dillema
stolen drugs to save sick wife dilemma
carl jung
father of analytic psychology
People strive for individuation or a sense of fulfillment.
Men operate under logic or logos principle and women operate under intuitive or eros principle
Mandalas: drawings balanced around center point to analyze himself, clients, dreams
Terms of introversion (turning in of libido, seeks pleasure from themself) and extroversion (tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people.
Myers briggs test based on volume 6 of Psychological types 1920s
anima=feminine side;
animus=masculine side
archetypes=collective unconscious common to all men and women, passed from generation to generation; common archetypes: shadow, animus/anima, self, persona
Persona: mask or role we present to others to hide our true self
Shadow: mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired, dark side of personality, everything an individual refused to acknowledge; nature of the shadow is present when a person engages in projection
RS definition
religious and spiritual
positive psychology
coined by Maslow, popularized by seligman, study of human strengths (learned helplessness)
alfred adler
founder of individual psychology, organ inferiority; organ inferiority, very sickly child, emphasized drive for superiority, believed that major factor in motivation was will to power (before he believed aggression was what drive human behavior). Also pioneer in the early history of family therapy. Ended believing striving for superiority. Believed that sibling interaction could be more important than parent-child interaction (learned this through observing childrens behavior directly which freud never did). Emphasized people wish to belong=”social connectedness”; utilized paradox strategy. Stressed importance of birth order in family constellation: 1st borns please parents, 2nd competes with 1st, middle feels is treated unfairly, male children manipulative, youngest can be spoiled and good at modeling other childrens’ behavior. Adlerians are didactic and use homework assignments. Believed people are basically good and that much of behavior is determined by birth order.
counterconditioning
behaviorist technique-weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or more desirable response-systematic desensitization
zone of proximal development
difference of performance independently or with a more developed peer
maturation hypothesis/theory
behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors but certain behaviors will not manifest unless a certain environmental factor is present
Bowlby
bonding and attachment
object loss-severed attachment, protest>despair>detachement
conduct disorders result from inadequate attachment
mothers should be primary caretakers
arnold gesell
maturationist, one-time mirror
margaret mahler
symbiosis=dependence on ffemale attachmet figure
seperation
individual theory of child development
Harlow
attachment is innate not learned, monkeys, “contact comfort” is imprtant
rene spitz
anaclitic depression-confirmed what Harlow learned in monkeys by studying kids in institutions
maccoby and jacklin
sex role differences come from child rearing patterns rather than body chemistry
characteristics of early adolescence
conformity peaks
suicidality in adolescence by gender
males die by suicide more often, females attempt more often, rates increase with age (12/100,000 overall rate in us)
stanley coopersmith
self esteem and child rearing