group counseling and group work

Question 1

prior to 1960s

Answer 1

most counseling took place in dyad. family therapy and behavior therapy was not evident in 1950s

Question 2

a group has..

Answer 2

membership which can be define, some degree of unity and interaction and a shared purpose; approx as effective as ind work

Question 3

group therapy term

Answer 3

coined by jacob moreno, father of psychodrama by observing catharsis experienced by people involved in theater. morenos ‘theory of spontaneity’ beagn to be discussed in lit in 1920s

Question 4

joseph pratt

Answer 4

boston physician who formed early counseling group starting in 1905, dealing with issues of tb

Question 5

first mutual aid self help group

Answer 5

aa, 1935, bill wilson, bob smith

Question 6

1940s 2 ors for group therapy

Answer 6

american society for group psychotherapy and psychoddrama (asgpp) and american group psychotherapy association (agpa)

Question 7

adler and jess davis

Answer 7

classified as prefacing group movement. jesse davis is pioneer in school guidance counseling. adler did group in child guidance facilities

Question 8

classifications (primary…etc.)

Answer 8

Primary groups are preventative and attempt to ward off problems. Stress healthy lifestyle. Attempt to stop problems before they occur.
Secondary - Problems are present but not very severe. WOrk to stop or reduce severity of problem.
Tertiary - Work with more individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding.

Question 9

group norms

Answer 9

govern acceptable behavior and group rules. Norms refer to “expected behaviors”. Can be explicit and implicit rules for how to behave. All groups have norms.

Question 10

increase in group therapy due to

Answer 10

shortage of ind therapists during/after wwII

Question 11

group content

Answer 11

refers to material discussed in group setting; the ‘what’ of the group

Question 12

group process

Answer 12

refers to manner in which discussions and transactions occur. the ‘how of the group’

Question 13

t group

Answer 13

training group-first conducted in 1946. used to process personnel interactions

Question 14

group cohesiveness

Answer 14

forces which tend to bind roup members together Term associated with Kurt Lewin’s “field theory” in which cohesiveness is seen as binding force among members. Low cohesiveness = fragmented.

Question 15

group therapy v group counseling

Answer 15

group therapy also dubbed as personality reconstruction group, is of longer duration than group counseling.

Question 16

gazdas 3 types of groups

Answer 16

Guidance - primary group, affective education or psycho-ed
Counseling - secondary group, problem is more severe and more individual and of longer duration than guidance group. Focus primarily on conscious concerns. Has less structure than a guidance group. Leader usually needs more training than leader of guidance group.
Psychotherapy - commonly used with inpatient, residential, for patients with in-depth psychological problems. Tertiary. May emphasize the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences more than the counseling group.

Question 17

structured group activities

Answer 17

tructured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques; assignment for group members. Excessive use of this can cause reliance on leader. Yalom says this can lead to groups passing over important group stages.

Question 18

disadvantage of group work

Answer 18

Individual issues are not properly examined, especially if the leader is process-oriented.

Question 19

risky shift phenomenon

Answer 19

a group decision will be less conservative than the average group member’s decision. Dispels assumption that groups are more conservative than average individual.

Question 20

group polarity/group polarization

Answer 20

predicts a persons views may become more extreme when they participate in a group (i.e. q anon!)

Question 21

t groups

Answer 21

training groups, focus on human relations in a business setting, aka “lab training groups” short-term t group=’micro lab’

Question 22

nosology

Answer 22

classification of disease (similar to taxanomy=calssification of living things)

Question 23

assertiveness training groups

Answer 23

most are behavioristic and highly structured
Nondirective groups=psychodynamic groups and existentialist groups (fewer exercises and unstructured)

Question 24

self help group

Answer 24

aka ‘mutual aid group’ for people attempting to cope with a given issue. Not always led by a prof. Very popular. Mostly voluntary. Diff than support where org will conduct or group will charge fee. Sometimes terms are used interchangeable

Question 25

marathon group

Answer 25

one long group, plays on one theme for extended period of time. Defenses and facades will drop and ppl become more genuine. Lasts min of 24 hours and can be conducted over a weekend or a period of several days. Created by stoller and bach in 1960s.

Question 26

yalom

Answer 26

main factor in selecting participants for group is that members can feel cohesive.

Question 27

research indicated

Answer 27

High denial, low intelligence and low motivation are associated with premature termination.

Question 28

group composition

Answer 28

homogeneity in terms of intelligence and level of development is important (Esp for childrens groups); people who wear similar clothes might sit next to each other.

Question 29

universality

Answer 29

sometimes used interchangeably with mutuality. ‘We are not the only ones in the world with a given problem’

Question 30

3 leadership styles study:

Answer 30

classic study conducted 1939: lewin, lippit, white; demonstrated that leadership styles do make difference. Children met with adult in each of 3 ways (democratic, autocratic and lassez faire-leadership styles). Children displayed best behavior when treated in democratic and aggressively in response to other 2 styles. No conducted in counseling group but school group (so may not apply to counseling groups)

Question 31

charismatic leadership style

Answer 31

leader uses personal charisma to foster participation

Question 32

other leaders

Answer 32

impersonal (distant but aggressive), energizers (emotionally stimulate group members), managers (leaders that exert executive control), providers (high in caring)

Question 33

effective leaders

Answer 33

modeling appropriate behaviors improved group participation even in the face of resistant members.

Question 34

sam gladding

Answer 34

called democratic style=facilitator

Question 35

co-leadership

Answer 35

helps reduce burnout and ensure safety, allows people to process feelings in between sessions, helpful when one leader is experiencing counter transference.

Question 36

gerald corey and yalom on leader requirement

Answer 36

participation in therapeutic group and in leader’s group is needed to be an effective group leader. yalom-> personal therapy is generally necessary for group leaders

Question 37

ideal group

Answer 37

8 adults; 3 or 4 childrens group

Question 38

ideal time for adult group work

Answer 38

2 hrs

Question 39

ambivalent transference

Answer 39

psychoanalytic term that suggests client will treat counselor with ambivalence, as she would another authority figure

Question 40

blocking

Answer 40

used when a leader uses an intervention to stop or block a negative or counterproductive behaviors which could hurt another group member Study of group operations: group dynamics (stages, cohesiveness, leadership style and decision making.

Question 41

hot seat

Answer 41

popularized by perls in gestalt groups. Whoever is the target of the here and now intervention is in hot seat.

Question 42

operationally define

Answer 42

you must demonstrate the concrete steps necessary to illuminate the concept.

Question 43

common weakness in groups

Answer 43

lack of goal setting

Question 44

sociogram

Answer 44

pictorial account of a group which serves to diagram member interaction. Moreno and jacobson

Question 45

karpmans triangle

Answer 45

most often used in conjunction with TA as a teaching device to illuminate roles of persecutor, rescuer and victim.

Question 46

transition stage

Answer 46

group stage occurs after initial stage. Ppl are often judgemental, resistant or caught in power struggle.

Question 47

group role energizer

Answer 47

stimulates enthusiasm in group

Question 48

group role scapegoat

Answer 48

person everyone balmes. receive attn. even though neg.

Question 50

group role gatekeeper

Answer 50

tries to make sure everyone is doing their taks and is participating. Danger is that gatekeeper often doesnt work on their own issues.

Question 51

group role peeping tom/interrogator

Answer 51

asks questions (neverending) to others in group

Question 52

Group role - follower

Answer 52

goes along with everyone else in the group. They are non assertive.

Question 53

Excitation

Answer 53

relates to salters conditioned reflex therapy. Practice of spontaneously experiencing or expressing two emotions. Seen as necessary so as to maintain state of positive mental health. Opposite of inhibition.

Question 54

Group role harmonizer/conciliator

Answer 54

try to make certain everything is going smoothly.

Question 55

Group role storyteller

Answer 55

monopolize group time and tell endless stories.

Question 56

Other roles

Answer 56

intellectualizer, the joker and the attacker

Question 57

Group role isolate

Answer 57

ignored by others. Feel afraid to reach out or when they do reach out they are rejected.

Question 58

Role reversal

Answer 58

behavioral role playing technique. The client who brings the problem in plays the person they have the problem with and another client plays the client who brought the problem in.

Question 59

3 diff types of member roles

Answer 59

task roles (helps group carry out task) maintenance roles (helps maintain or strengthen group process, seen as positive), self-serving roles (seen as neg, clients meeting own needs at expense of group)

Question 60

Situational leadership style

Answer 60

leaders tell members what to do and they do not emphasize relationships among members (reserved for immature members)

Question 61

Paul hersey and Kenneth blanchard

Answer 61

leader activities fall into “task actions” and “maintenance actions”. Maintenance actions include relationship concerns. ‘Maturity’ in terms of task= members motivation to do the task. When it is low, there is more high task leadership behavior. When it is higher, can continue with high task but add in high relationship. Task action leadership indicative of one-way communication; relationship behavior is the result of 2-way communication. *task/maintenance verbage on exams could refer to leaders or member behavior

Question 62

Role conflict

Answer 62

situation in which discrepancy between the way a group member behaves and the way they are supposed to behave

Question 63

Group basic stages

Answer 63

1) initial or orientation or forming or preoffiliation 2) transition or storming or power and control 3) working or norming or cohesion or negotiation, intimacy and frame of reference 4) separation or termination or closure or adjourning

Question 64

Yalom group stages

Answer 64

pioneer in group movement: orientation, conflict, cohesion, termination

Question 65

Tuckman and jennson stages

Answer 65

forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning

Question 66

Initial group stage characteristics

Answer 66

characterized by approach-avoidance behavior. Attracted nad repelled by the same goal. I.e. want to meet new members but fear rejection.

Question 67

Garland, jones, kolodny group stage 2

Answer 67

power and control

Question 68

Storming stage

Answer 68

aka high anxiety stage or struggle for control stage. Coreys suggest leaders deal with this stage by learning to distinguish between challenges and attacks->leadesr should model positive confrontation

Question 69

Ecological planning

Answer 69

used to describe the process of obtaining info to determine whether the group is the most desirable form of treatment and if it is to determine the exact nature of the group experience

Question 70

Final group stage tasks

Answer 70

aka consolidation. Leaders help member snake plans for future. sociometry=study of measuring person to person relationships.

Question 71

Family sculpturing

Answer 71

family therapy technique where family members arrange themselves spatially to create live representation of members bonds and alliances

Question 72

Horizontal interventions

Answer 72

strategies that approach group as a whole. Often called interpersonal.

Question 73

Vertical intervention

Answer 73

strategy that approaches one ind.

Question 74

Research in group settings

Answer 74

scarce and the studys that exist may not have been well controlled. There exists a researcher/practitioner split. Group research aka outcome research or product research. Process research=how groups work

Question 75

Comprehensive model

Answer 75

stress life-skills and will eventually make therapeutic groups unnecessary

Question 76

Major limitations of group

Answer 76

A group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm A client may need individual therapy before benefitting from group Group can become a substitute for real world Clients may feel pressured to replace personal norms with group norms Groupwork can be intimidating which squelches disclosure Not good for clients in crisis

Question 77

Major advantages of group

Answer 77

Members learn to give help in addition to receiving Group sessions generally cost less than individual counseling Promotes interpersonal work and universality Can provide support system Microcosm of society Group setting reflects everyday life

Question 78

What does research say about group work?

Answer 78

No research shows that group work is superior to other forms of therapy

Question 79

Yalom curative factors

Answer 79

Altruism, universality and existential learning Catharsis, cohesiveness, and instillation of hope Imitative behavior and reenactment of family experiences

Question 80

R.K. Conyne

Answer 80

group intervention is intended to prevent, correct, or enhance behavior

Question 81

Conyne’s group work grid

Answer 81

four intervention levels 1) individual 2) interpersonal 3) organization 4) community population

Question 82

Outside observer is group

Answer 82

used to assess the impact of the group and asses change in individual group members

Question 83

Corey & Corey say that for children under 10...

Answer 83

enhance treatment by involving parents and ask them for input & avoid taking sides between parents and children - support child is seeing parents’ point of view.