group counseling and group work Flashcards
prior to 1960s
most counseling took place in dyad. family therapy and behavior therapy was not evident in 1950s
a group has..
membership which can be define, some degree of unity and interaction and a shared purpose; approx as effective as ind work
group therapy term
coined by jacob moreno, father of psychodrama by observing catharsis experienced by people involved in theater. morenos ‘theory of spontaneity’ beagn to be discussed in lit in 1920s
joseph pratt
boston physician who formed early counseling group starting in 1905, dealing with issues of tb
first mutual aid self help group
aa, 1935, bill wilson, bob smith
1940s 2 ors for group therapy
american society for group psychotherapy and psychoddrama (asgpp) and american group psychotherapy association (agpa)
adler and jess davis
classified as prefacing group movement. jesse davis is pioneer in school guidance counseling. adler did group in child guidance facilities
classifications (primary…etc.)
Primary groups are preventative and attempt to ward off problems. Stress healthy lifestyle. Attempt to stop problems before they occur.
Secondary - Problems are present but not very severe. WOrk to stop or reduce severity of problem.
Tertiary - Work with more individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding.
group norms
govern acceptable behavior and group rules. Norms refer to “expected behaviors”. Can be explicit and implicit rules for how to behave. All groups have norms.
increase in group therapy due to
shortage of ind therapists during/after wwII
group content
refers to material discussed in group setting; the ‘what’ of the group
group process
refers to manner in which discussions and transactions occur. the ‘how of the group’
t group
training group-first conducted in 1946. used to process personnel interactions
group cohesiveness
forces which tend to bind roup members together Term associated with Kurt Lewin’s “field theory” in which cohesiveness is seen as binding force among members. Low cohesiveness = fragmented.
group therapy v group counseling
group therapy also dubbed as personality reconstruction group, is of longer duration than group counseling.
gazdas 3 types of groups
Guidance - primary group, affective education or psycho-ed
Counseling - secondary group, problem is more severe and more individual and of longer duration than guidance group. Focus primarily on conscious concerns. Has less structure than a guidance group. Leader usually needs more training than leader of guidance group.
Psychotherapy - commonly used with inpatient, residential, for patients with in-depth psychological problems. Tertiary. May emphasize the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences more than the counseling group.
structured group activities
tructured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques; assignment for group members. Excessive use of this can cause reliance on leader. Yalom says this can lead to groups passing over important group stages.
disadvantage of group work
Individual issues are not properly examined, especially if the leader is process-oriented.
risky shift phenomenon
a group decision will be less conservative than the average group member’s decision. Dispels assumption that groups are more conservative than average individual.
group polarity/group polarization
predicts a persons views may become more extreme when they participate in a group (i.e. q anon!)
t groups
training groups, focus on human relations in a business setting, aka “lab training groups” short-term t group=’micro lab’
nosology
classification of disease (similar to taxanomy=calssification of living things)
assertiveness training groups
most are behavioristic and highly structured
Nondirective groups=psychodynamic groups and existentialist groups (fewer exercises and unstructured)
self help group
aka ‘mutual aid group’ for people attempting to cope with a given issue. Not always led by a prof. Very popular. Mostly voluntary. Diff than support where org will conduct or group will charge fee. Sometimes terms are used interchangeable
marathon group
one long group, plays on one theme for extended period of time. Defenses and facades will drop and ppl become more genuine. Lasts min of 24 hours and can be conducted over a weekend or a period of several days. Created by stoller and bach in 1960s.
yalom
main factor in selecting participants for group is that members can feel cohesive.
research indicated
High denial, low intelligence and low motivation are associated with premature termination.
group composition
homogeneity in terms of intelligence and level of development is important (Esp for childrens groups); people who wear similar clothes might sit next to each other.
universality
sometimes used interchangeably with mutuality. ‘We are not the only ones in the world with a given problem’
3 leadership styles study:
classic study conducted 1939: lewin, lippit, white; demonstrated that leadership styles do make difference. Children met with adult in each of 3 ways (democratic, autocratic and lassez faire-leadership styles). Children displayed best behavior when treated in democratic and aggressively in response to other 2 styles. No conducted in counseling group but school group (so may not apply to counseling groups)
charismatic leadership style
leader uses personal charisma to foster participation
other leaders
impersonal (distant but aggressive), energizers (emotionally stimulate group members), managers (leaders that exert executive control), providers (high in caring)
effective leaders
modeling appropriate behaviors improved group participation even in the face of resistant members.
