career development Flashcards
Trait and Factor Matching theory
E.G. Williamson - tests and assessments to match traits, aptitude and interests with given occupation. E.G. expanded Parsons’ model and created theory which transcended vocational issues. Grounded in differential psych. The choice of career choice is a one-time process according to this theory.
Parsons suggested 3 steps:
Knowledge of self and interests
Knowledge of jobs
Matching the individual with the work
C.F. Patterson
another proponent of the trait and factor matching approach
John Holland’s personality approach to career counseling
6 personality and 6 work environments career typology, which are measured by the SDS. Holland did NOT believe that people are just purely one personality type, instead a combination of a few of the 6 personality categories.
6 sides of Holland’s hexagon & personalities
1) realistic 2) investigative 3) artistic 4) social 5) enterprising 6) conventional RIASEC.
Enterprising person values power
Social person prefers to solve problems using interpersonal skills and feelings
Realistic person likes machines i.e. automechanic
Investigative person likes to think their way through a problem
Artistic person shuns conformity and structure, emphasis on self-expression
Conventional person values conformity, structure, rules, and feels comfortable in a subordinate role
Four assumptions of Holland’s personality approach
1) there are 6 personality types, 2) most work environments correspond to the personality type, 3) people search out agreeable environment in work, 4) individual’s behavior is determined by interaction of personality and environment
Super’s self-concept and developmental stage theory
referred to as life span, life space model. Self concept and career maturity influences one’s career throughout lifespan. Five stage lifespan theory.
Anne Roe’s early childhood needs theory or “person-environment theory”
vocational choice is related to personality development at young age. Career choice is influenced by genetics, parent-child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests, education, and intelligence. Relies on hierarchy of needs. Lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs. Jobs satisfy unconscious need and these unconscious needs motivators. Based heavily on personality theory. Primarily psychoanalytic. Support comes from Rorschach and TAT (thematic apperception test). VII (vocational interest inventory) and Career Occupational Preference System use Roe’s fields and levels.
Anne Roe’s 8 occupational fields
1) service 2) business contact 3) organizations 4) technology 5) outdoor 6) science 7) general culture 8) arts
Toward people = fields of service, business
Away from people: outdoor, technology
Anne Roe’s 6 levels of occupational skill
Professional & Managerial 1, Professional and Managerial 2, Semiprofessional, Skilled, Semi-Skilled, Unskilled
Anne Roe’s Basic parenting styles
overprotective, avoidance, or acceptant. Child will develop a personality which gravitates towards or away from people. Avoidant is cold, acceptant is democratic.
John Krumboltz’s learning theory of career counseling: LTCC
Considered a cognitive approach. Four factors to simplify development process 1) genetic endowment 2) environmental conditions 3) learning experiences 4) task-approach skills; postulated social learning model. Also referred to as cognitive theory.
Ginsberg group
First developmental approach to occupational choice. Stages are up to 11: fantasy, 11-17: tentative, 17-early adulthood: realistic.
Mark Savickas’ career construction post-modern theory
rooted in narrative therapy. Life is viewed as story.
Social cognitive counseling theory (SCCT)
Focusing on how belief system impacts career choice
Linda Gottfredson theory of cicumscription and compromise
Phase 1) Rule out unacceptable jobs, Phase 2) change mind if path isn’t realistic
Edgar Schein
Eight career anchors theory - career anchors are based on self-concept, abilities, and what person is good at. 8 anchors 1) autonomy 2) security 3) technical 4) general managerial competence 5) entrepreneurial creativity 6) service 7) pure challenge 8) lifestyle
Research shows that K-12 students would like…
more support in the area of career planning and that career interests are more stable after college
Pervasive indecisiveness
label describing a person who has a lifelong pattern of severe anxiety related to decision making.
Victor Vroom
suggests an employees performance is influenced by valence.
Dual career family characteristics
have higher outcomes than single career families (aka traditional families). Today over 54% of marriages are dual earner. The woman typically secure in her career before she has children. Couples have less leisure time.
Bachelor’s degree on average leads to ____ more earned per year
$10000+
Avocation
leisure activity engaged in for pleasure v. money
Career
defined sometimes as the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure
Title VII
Women have equal work opportunities and equal job pay
EEOC
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is the watchdog for Title VII guidelines. Enforce Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures.
Adverse Impact
a test or selection process that doesn’t meet 80% or four fifths rule.
Differential validity
when a test or selection process is valid for one group but invalid for another.
trait factor approach/actuarial/matching approach
attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors) the approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
roe and brill
espoused personality theories
holland and super
emphasized career development over choice
tiedeman and ohara
support decision-making theory. Explained in 2 parts (1-anticipation, 2-implementation aka accommodation/induction)
developmental career counseling
emphasizes stages and process which can change throughout the lifespan. I.e. Ginzberg Group, Super, Titeman & O’Hara
job
a given position in an organization
