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assessment Flashcards

1
Q

appraisal

A

process of assessing or estimating attributes. I.e. observations, survey, interviews

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2
Q

psychometrics

A

study of psych measurement

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3
Q

subjective format of test

A

relies mainly on scorers opinion, personal bias can impact rating.

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4
Q

halo effect

A

When a trait which is not being evaluated influences researchers rating on another trait. i.e. when someone is attractive, they may get higher rating in a test

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5
Q

objective test

A

raters judgment plays no or little role in scoring.

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6
Q

forced choice

A

items are known as recognition items (2 or more options). Person must respond with certain given answers (i.e. multiple choice)

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7
Q

difficulty index

A

indicates percentage of ind who answered each item incorrectly. From 0-1 to indicate percentage.

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8
Q

ipsative measures

A

measure compares traits within the same individual. Do not compare a person to other persons who took the same instrument. Person taking ipsative measure is measured in response to own standar of behavior. Measure points out highs and lows that exist within same ind. I.e. mr. johns depression is improving.

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9
Q

normative test

A

each item is independent of all other items. Can compare persons to each other who take same test

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10
Q

power test

A

evaluates level of mastery without a time limit. Can do power test even if it has time limit as long as time limit allows most people to complete test in time.
Achievement test: measures typical performance.

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11
Q

spiral test

A

Items get progressively more difficult (think of spiral staircase)

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12
Q

cyclical test

A

Several sections that are spiral in nature (each section gets harder as you go).

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13
Q

test battery

A

a horizontal test. Several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those derived from merely using a single source.

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14
Q

vertical test

A

Versions for different developmental/education levels.

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15
Q

parallel forms (aka equivalent forms)

A

when a test has two interchangeable forms

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16
Q

most critical factors in test selection

A

validity and reliability

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17
Q

validity

A

whether the test measures what it says it does. The number one factors in choice selection. A valid test is always reliable.

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18
Q

5 types of validity

A

Content (aka rational/logical): Does the test sample the behavior under scrutiny. I.e. IQ test that didn’t sample entire range of
Construct: Ability ot measure a theoretical construct like intelligence, talent, etc. Any trait you cannot measure or observe is a construct.
Concurrent: How well test compares to other well established instruments with same purpose.
Predictive: Ability to predict future behavior.
Consequential: social implications of using tests.

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19
Q

convergent validity

A

Relationship/correlation of a test with an independent measure or trait.

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20
Q

discriminant validity

A

test will not reflect unrelated variable

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21
Q

criterion validity

A

could be predictive or concurrent

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22
Q

face validity

A

the extent that a test looks or appears to measure the intended attribute

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23
Q

incremental validity

A

describe process by which a test is refined and becomes more valid as contradictory items are dropped. Test’s ability to improve predictions when compared to existing measures. Test provides additional valid information that was not attainable via other procedures

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24
Q

synthetic

A

Derived from “synthesized”. The helper or researcher looks for tests that have been shown to predict each job element or component, then combines these tests to create one with synthetic validity.

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25
Q

reliability

A

how consistent a test measures an attribute. Second most important concern in test selection. Tests can be reliable, but not valid.

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26
Q

reliability coefficient

A

0-1 (1= perfect and only occurs in physical measurements). In psychological tests, 0.90 is considered excellent. 0.70 is considered somewhat typical. Tells you the percentage of the score that is accurate.
.80 is considered acceptable for admissions to jobs, etc.

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27
Q

true variance aka coefficieint of determination

A

the square of the correlation/reliability coefficient (i.e. if correlation is .7, the true variance is .49 or 49%).

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28
Q

test-retest reliability

A

giving the test to the same group of people two times and correlating the scores.

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29
Q

equivalent or alternative forms of reliability

A

Giving the same population alternate forms/parallel forms of the identical test. Reliability correlation coefficient is found on the two sets of scores.

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30
Q

split-half correlation method

A

Dividing a test into two halves and then finding the correlation between the half scores to find the reliability coefficient.

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31
Q

inter rater/inter observer method

A

aka “scorer reliability” . Used with subjective tests to see if the scoring method provides same score despite different scorers. Several raters assess the same performance.

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32
Q

consistency reliabilty

A

homogeneity or internal consistency or inter-item consistency.

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33
Q

counterbalancing

A

Necessary practice for equivalent forms reliability testing. Half individuals get parallel form A first and half get form B, then switch for the second.

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34
Q

stability

A

the ability of a test score to remain stable or fluctuate over time if the client takes the test again

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35
Q

physical measurements

A

more reliable than psychological measurements

36
Q

IQ

A

intelligence quotient

37
Q

IQ formula

A

MA/CA x 100 - mental age divided by chronological age. “Ratio IQ”

38
Q

Francis Galton

A

Did research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed. Felt intelligence was a unitary faculty. Believed exceptional mental abilities were genetic.

39
Q

JP Guildford

A

isolated 120 factors that added up to intelligence, and thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking. Convergent = divergent thoughts are combined into singular concept. Divergent - ability to generate novel ideas.

40
Q

Kuder Richardson coefficients of equivalence

A

Helps to find out if each item on the test is measuring same thing as every other item

41
Q

Lee Conbachs alpha coefficient

A

also used to determine if each item is measuring the same thing as every other item

42
Q

cross-validation

A

When a researcher further examines the criterion validity of a test by administering the test to a new sample. In most cases the cross-validation coefficient is indeed smaller than the initial validity coefficient (aka “shrinkage”).

43
Q

stanford-binet IQ test

A

1905, 30-question standardized test for school children. Binet used daughters as subjects. Also cited as pioneer for his work in inkblots. Used age-related tasks in which 50% of the children of a certain age could answer successfully. Was created to dfiferentiate children with and without intellectual disability.

44
Q

SAS

A

standard age score. in the current version of the IQ test, it has a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 16

45
Q

standard test

A

scoring and administration procedures are formal and well delineated. Include quantitative information related to “standards” of performance.

46
Q

wechsler iq test

A

added performance skills to Binet test.

47
Q

WPPSI

A

Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence ages 2-7.

48
Q

WAIS-IV

A

Wechsler adult intelligence scale: 16-90 yrs.
Mean is 100, standard deviation is 15 (16 for Stanford Binet)
Based on neurocognitive research and Cattel-Horn-Carroll leading theory of human intelligence.
Can be scored online
60-90 mins to complete.
10 subject areas
4 index scores
Can measure iq from 40-160 (Standford Binet can do up to 180)

49
Q

WISC-IV

A

Wechsler intelligence scale for children: 6-16 yrs

50
Q

merrill-palmer scale of mental tests

A

intelligence test for below 7 yrs.

51
Q

group iq tests

A

i.e. Otis-Lennon, Lorge-Thorndike, California Test of Mental Abilities. Advantage is that group tests are quicker to administer. Disadvantage, less accurate and lower reliability.

52
Q

group iq test movement

A

began in WWI with Army Alpha and Army Beta.

53
Q

culture fair test

A

items are known to the subject regardless of his or her culture

54
Q

jacob ertl

A

invented an electronic machine ot analyze neural efficiency

55
Q

raymond cattell

A

fluid & crystallized intelligence. Crystallized: content. Fluid: content-free reasoning.

56
Q

arthur jensen

A

1969 article in harvard ed review that suggested the closer people are genetically, the more alike their IQs will be. Controversy re: statemnet that African Americans were “bred for strength rather than intelligence”

57
Q

robert williams

A

Demonstrated that African Americans excelled when given a test that was culturally relevant/used language African Americans knew & understood.

58
Q

larry p v Wilson Riles

A

accusing wechsler & binet of racism.

59
Q

projective test

A

client is shown something neutral. Examiner bias is common. Some formats of projective tests:
Association- i.e. “waht comes to mind?”
Completion- “finish this sentence”
Construction- i.e drawing.

60
Q

16 pf

A

Raymond Cattell- personality factor questionnaire developed for people 16+ and measuring key personality factors.

61
Q

factor analysis tests or inventories

A

analyze data outside of a given theory.

62
Q

james mckeen cattell

A

coined term “mental test” and worked with Galton and Willhelm Wundt.

63
Q

myers briggs

A

reflects work of carl jung

64
Q

oscar buros

A

mental measurements yearbook

65
Q

projective measures

A

favored by psychodynamic clinicians which rely on unconcious mind

66
Q

aptitude test

A

assesses potential and predicts

67
Q

achievement test

A

assesses what has been learned, what you know or how well you can currently perform

68
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

uses pictures, 31 cards, intended for ages 4+, projective test

69
Q

rotter incomplete sentence blank (RISB)

A

projective, client completes incomplete sentence with feeling

70
Q

bender gestalt II

A

expressive, projective measure. Lauretta bender namesake, ages 4+, actually bender visual motor gestalt test.

71
Q

interest inventory

A

work best with ind who are of high school age+ (interests become stable around age 25), tend to emphasize prof positions and minimize blue collar jobs, reliable, not threatening to test taker. Problem->ppl try to answer questions n socially acceptable manner (i.e. social desirability)

72
Q

association for assessment and research in counseling (AARC)

A

1 of 20 ACA divisions

73
Q

guilford zimmerman temperment survey (GZTS)

A

personality measure for ppl who do not have sever psychiatric disabilities

74
Q

california personality inventory (CPI)

A

similar to above, shares questions with MMPI

75
Q

acquiescence

A

when a client always agress with something

76
Q

deviation

A

When an ind purposely or when in doubt gives unusual responces

77
Q

standard error of measurement

A

how accurate or inaccurate a test score is. Tells counselor what would most likely occur if same individual takes same test again. Lower standard error is better. X=T+E (x=obtained score, t is true score and e is error)

78
Q

social loafing

A

phenomenon in which a person in a group puts forth less effort than they would if they were attempting to accomplish goal individually.

79
Q

spearman brown formula

A

used to estimate the impact that lengthening or shortening a test will have on its reliability coefficient.

80
Q

CPT

A

current procedural terminology codes. Used to let insurance companies know what services you are providing

81
Q

reactive effect

A

impact of self monitoring to bias results of self report

82
Q

informal assessment technique

A

journals, case notes, interviews, professional staffings, checklists, sociograms of groups.

83
Q

infant IQ test

A

more unreliable, toddler iq test can pick up abnormalities like intellectual disabilities

84
Q

item difficulty index

A

anges from 0.0 to 1.0. The higher the index number, the greater the number of examinees who will answer the question correctly (or rather, the greater the number, the easier the question is to answer)

85
Q

buckley amendment

A

college student can view record including test data, a parent can view infant iq tests at preschool,client can demand correction on something they discover while reading their file. Persons over 18 can inspect their own record and those of their children

86
Q

FERPA

A

family educational rights and privacy act. Info cannot be released without adult consent. Children over 18 can view own records. Schools and programs that dont receive federal funds are exempt from ferpa guidelines.

87
Q

lewis terman

A

americanized the binet. Assoc. With Standford (binet became Stanford Binet in US).

nce (9 decks)

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