Lecture 6

Question 1

Betweenness centrality

Answer 1

רשת שיש בה נקודות ואני מעוניינת למצוא את הנקודה שדרכה אני יכולה לעבור את הדרך הכי קצרה. יש הבדלים מבחינת האסימטריה בהמיספרות.

Question 2

Inter-hemispheric connections

Answer 2

Connectivity between the two hemispheres

Question 3

Which two regions have no direct inter-hemispheric connections?

Answer 3

1) the hand area of somatosensory and motor cortex
2) all of area 17 (V1)

Question 4

Inter-hemispheric Integration

Answer 4

Rapid transfer of sensory information from one hemisphere to the other (5-20 ms) in face processing.

Question 5

Computational advantage Model

Answer 5

Different modes of hemispheric processing
RH – more diffuse connections
LH – more focal processing
A computational advantage (segregated but connected
networks)
Specializing in a different type of computation
Less interference between them
להיכנס לגלובאל (המיספרה ימנית) ולוקאל (המיספרה שמאלית) בו זמנית יותר מאתגר מאשר לעבד את הגלובאל, הלוקאל, ואינטגרציה שזה יותר מהימן.

Question 6

Genomic conflict and imprinted genes

Answer 6

יש גנים (מהאם/אב) המושתקים או הצריכים לשיתוק בשביל לאפשר התפתחות טובה.

Question 7

Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Evaluation

Answer 7

The Cookie theft picture
הפציינט מתבקש לספר סיפור על מה הם רואים בתמונה.

Question 8

מה הם ארבעת האלמנטים שבהם משתמשים בשביל לאפיין אפזיה?

Answer 8

Fluency שטף דיבור ספונטני
Comprehension הבנה
Repetition חזרה
Naming שיום

Question 9

Where did Tan (Louis Victor Leborgne) and the 8 others have a lesion?

Answer 9

פגיעה בהמיספרה שמאלית בחלק הפרונטלי
ברוקה

Question 10

Broca/ non-fluent/ expressive aphasia

Answer 10

Lesion: Broca’s area, left inferior frontal gyrus

Good at comprehension only

No paraphrasis.

Non fluent speech: slow, effortful, mis-articulation, pauses.
בעיה ביצועית מוטורית

Telegraphic speech: Laconic, short utterances, few function words (e.g., do), no grammatical inflections (e.g., Ing).

Question 11

Wernicke/ fluent/ receptive aphasia

Answer 11

Lesion: Wernicke’s area, the posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG)

Good at fluency only

Normal rhythm and intonations, Ordinary grammatical structure is intact, Nonsensical speech, unaware of errors and paraphasias.

Question 12

Literal/ phonemic paraphasis

Answer 12

papple instead of apple

Question 13

Neo logistic paraphasis

Answer 13

Substitution with a non-English or gibberish word.

Question 14

Verbal paraphasis

Answer 14

Confusion of words: son instead of daughter.

Question 15

Preservative errors paraphasis

Answer 15

Previous response persists and interferes with retrieval of new responses.

Question 16

Conductive aphasia אפזיית הולכה

Answer 16

Lesion: arcuate fasciculus which connects Broca and Wernicke.

Good at fluency and comprehension only, paraphrasis is common.

הכי פחות חומר מסוגי האפזיות.

Question 17

Global aphasia

Answer 17

Lesion: Broca, Wernicke, and arcuate fasciculus

Bad at everything including paraphrasis which is variable.

Question 18

Classic (19th century) model of language processing and the two pathways

Answer 18

Broca’s area = speech production & motor images of words, Wernicke’s area = speech comprehension & auditory images of words, both are connected to the concept centre.

The pathways:
1) spoken word - area 41 - Wernicke - hear and comprehend word
2) cognition - Wernicke - Broca - Facial area of motor cortex - cranial nerves - speak

Wernicke’s area: meaning/ sound representations.
Broca’s area: articulation representations.

Question 19

Offer evidence against the classical model (19th century) of language processing.

Answer 19

Agrammatism in Broca’s aphasia: failure to interpret semantically reversible sentence. Meaning some failure in comprehension.

Logopenic* variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (lvPPA): The lesion is in the angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus and not in Broca, Wernicke, or the arcuate fasciculus.

Question 20

Logopenic* variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (lvPPA)
* = lack of speech

Answer 20

This type of aphasia offers evidence against the classical model of language processing since the lesion is in the angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus and not in Broca, Wernicke, or the arcuate fasciculus.

Typical symptoms include:
- slowed speech with normal articulation
- impaired comprehension of complex sentences
- impaired naming of things

Question 21

Is the common paraphasia in Wernicke’s aphasia verbal/literal?

Answer 21

verbal paraphasia: son instead of daughter

Question 22

Is the common paraphasia in Conduction aphasia verbal/literal?

Answer 22

Literal (phonemic) paraphasia: tephelone instead of telephone

Question 23

How/Dorsal parietal frontal network in language

Answer 23

= motor speech recognition, left lateralized

Question 24

What/ventral temporal network in language

Answer 24

= היכולת שלנו להבין שפה, Bilateral (with slight LH asymmetry)

Question 25

A psycholinguistic approach

Answer 25

Beyond the four clinical dimensions.
Its levels of processing:
- Phonetics: sound production
- Phonology: sound combination
- Grammar: syntax, morphology
- Semantics: meaning
- Pragmatics: Language in use and context