Module 2 Test

Question 1

____________ are also called saccharides.

a.) electrolytes
b.) carbohydrates
c.) lipids
d.) proteins

Answer 1

b.) carbohydrates

Question 2

Radiation weighting Wr is associated with:

a.) relative biological effectiveness
b.) oxygen enhancement ratio
c.) linear energy transfer

Answer 2

a.) relative biological effectiveness

Question 3

Linear Energy Transfer:

a.) is the same for all types of radiation
b.) varies for different types of radiation
c.) occurs only during x ray procedures
d.) only occurs with natural background radiation

Answer 3

b.) varies for different types of radiation

Question 4

11 Sv is equal to

a.) .11 mSv
b.) 11, 000,000 mSv
c.) 11,000 mSv
d.) 11 mSv

Answer 4

c.) 11,000mSv

Question 5

For xrays and gamma rays, biological damage is the result of energy transfer during:

a.) indirect interaction
b.) direct interaction
c.) neither of these
d.) both of these

Answer 5

d.) both of these

Question 6

Which of the following is used as the unit for determining RBE?

a.) tissue weighting factor
b.) quality factor
c.) rem
d.) sv

Answer 6

a.) tissue weighting factor

Question 7

The random interaction of xrays with matter produces a variety of structural changes in biologic tissue, including:
1.) a single strand break
2.) a double strand break
3.) stickiness, or clumping together of chromosomes

a.) 1, 2 and 3
b.) 1 and 2 only
c.) 1 and 3 only
d.) 3 only

Answer 7

a.) 1, 2 and 3

Question 8

Lipids are ___________ built from smaller chemical structures.

a.) organic molecules
b.) inorganic molecules
c.) hormones
d.) repair enzymes

Answer 8

a.) organic molecules

Question 9

Which of the following are considered to be most radiosensitive ?
1.) primitive (immature) cells
2.) unspecialized cells
3.) differentiated cells
4.) germ cells
5.) rapidly dividing cells

a.) 1, 2, 4 and 5
b.) 1, 2, 3 and 4
c.) 1, 2 and 4
d.) 2, 3 and 4

Answer 9

b.) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Question 10

Which of the following is/are considered low LET radiation?
1.) xrays
2.) alpha particles
3.) gamma rays

a.) 1 only
b.) 2 only
c.) 2 and 3
d.) 1 and 3 only

Answer 10

d.) 1 and 3 only

Question 11

The possible beneficial effect of a small amount of radiation is called:

a.) protraction
b.) radiosensitizing
c.) radiolysis
d.) hormesis

Answer 11

d.) hormesis

Question 12

Deletion can occur as a consequence of radiation upon:

a.) an entire cell
b.) an entire body
c.) a chromosome
d.) DNA

Answer 12

c.) a chromosome

Question 13

Irradiation of water molecules within the body, and their resulting breakdown, is termed

a.) epliation
b.) radiolysis
c.) proliferation
d.) hormesis

Answer 13

b.) radiolysis

Question 14

The most radiosensitive target molecule in the human cell is the:

a.) protein
b.) ribosomes
c.) DNA
d.) cytoplasm

Answer 14

c.) DNA

Question 15

When __________ LET interacts, it releases its energy quickly and therefore cannot travel as far or penetrate the tissue as easily.

a.) high
b.) low

Answer 15

a.) high

Question 16

What is the correct order of mitosis?

Answer 16

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 17

Direct action is more likely to occur with:

a.) high energy
b.) high LET
c.) low LET
d.) sparsely, ionizing

Answer 17

b.) high LET

Question 18

Proper cell function enables the body to maintain:

a.) metabolism
b.) DNA
c.) Hormones
d.) homeostasis

Answer 18

d.) homeostasis

Question 19

The primary purpose of carbohydrates is to provide fuel for cell:

a.) replication
b.) repair
c.) homeostasis
d.) metabolism

Answer 19

d.) metabolism

Question 20

Mitosis and Meiosis undergo the same process until they reach ______ phase of cellular division.

a.) prophase
b.) telophase
c.) anaphase
d.) metaphase

Answer 20

b.) telophase

Question 21

If restitution has occured, then that means:

a.) the chromatid has restored
b.) a misshappen chromosome is formed
c.) a fragment reattaches to the wrong chromatid
d.) part of the chromosome is lost

Answer 21

a.) the chromatid has restored

Question 22

Loss or change of a nitrogenous base in the DNA chain can result in:

a.) apoptosis
b.) mutation
c.) double strand break
d.) single strand break

Answer 22

b.) mutation

Question 23

Which of the following is a product of radiolysis?

a.) hydrogen atom
b.) H2O
c.) more than one but not all
d.) free radical
e.) all of the above

Answer 23

e.) all of the above

Question 24

Cell damage may be exhibited as:

a.) loss of funnction or abnormal function
b.) enhanced function
c.) nothing

Answer 24

a.) loss of function or abnormal function

Question 25

Meiosis is a process for dividing ___________.

a.) nerve cells
b.) germ cells
c.) brain cells
d.) somatic cells

Answer 25

b.) germ cells

Question 26

__________ carry genetic information necessary for cell replication.

a.) hormones
b.) inorganic molecules
c.) nucleic acids
d.) ribosomes

Answer 26

c.) nucleic acids

Question 27

The indirect effect of radiation has occured when:

a.) radiation strikes a DNA molecule and severs one of the strands
b.) radiation interactions with water to form free radicals
c.) radiation interaction with the nucleus
d.) radiation interacts with water to form bond radicals

Answer 27

b.) radiation interactions with water to form free radicals

Question 28

Factors that influence the effect of exposure to ionizing radiation include:

a.) cell sensitivity
b.) the type of radiation
c.) the total dose recieved
d.) all of these

Answer 28

d.) all of these

Question 29

1% of the cell is made of:

a.) water
b.) carbohydrates
c.) proteins
d.) nucleic acids

Answer 29

d.) nucleic acids

Question 30

Which part of the cell is the protein factories?

a.) nucleus
b.) mitochondria
c.) cytoplasm
d.) ribosomes

Answer 30

d.) ribosomes

Question 31

Multiple strand breaks is usually caused by:

a.) low LET
b.) high LET

Answer 31

b.) high LET

Question 32

What can result when radiation interferes with cell function by damaging a cells nucleus?

1.) chromosome breakage
2.) instant death
3.) reproductive death
4.) interferance with function

a.) 1, 2 and 3
b.) all of these
c.) 1 and 2 only
d.) 3 and 4 only

Answer 32

b.) all of these

Question 33

Cell division in genetic or reproductive cells in which the number of chromosomes becomes reduced to one half the number in the parent cell is called:

a.) telophase
b.) mitosis
c.) meiosis
d.) anaphase

Answer 33

c.) meiosis

Question 34

Which of the following is not a nitrogenous organic base?

a.) adenine
b.) guanine
c.) protein
d.) cytosine

Answer 34

c.) protein

Question 35

Cell division by spindle information, the duplication of chromosomes, seperation of daughter chromatids, division of cytoplasm, formation of two identical daughter cells (each with 46 chromosomes) is called:

a.) meiosis
b.) mitosis
c.) halitosis
d.) metaphase

Answer 35

b.) mitosis

Question 36

Programmed cell death

Answer 36

Apoptosis

Question 37

The average energy deposited per unit length of track

Answer 37

LET

Question 38

Describes the relative capabilities of radiation with differing LET’s to produce a particular biologic reaction

Answer 38

RBE

Question 39

The radiosensitivity of a cell is determined by its reproductive activity and its degree of differentiation

Answer 39

Law of B and T

Question 40

The possible result of ionizing radiation interacting with water molecules

Answer 40

Free Radicals

Question 41

When DNA is directly or indirectly exposed to ionizing radiation the cell will die

Answer 41

target theory

Question 42

Alpha particles

Answer 42

high LET

Question 43

Beta Particles

Answer 43

low LET

Question 44

transfers instructions from the DNA to the rest of the nucleus

Answer 44

mRNA