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Clinical Bacteriology (Prelim) > (Lecture) Specimen Processing > Flashcards

(Lecture) Specimen Processing Flashcards

1
Q

Notations from the macroscopic observation should include the following:

A

Swab or Aspirate
Blood or Mucus present
Volume of Specimen
Fluid

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2
Q

_____ may be indicated if gas, foul smell, or sulfur granules are present.

A

Anaerobic Cultures

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3
Q

Microscopic observation serves several purposes. What are those purposes?

A
  1. It can be used to determine the quality of the specimen.
  2. It can give the microbiology technologist and the physician an indication of the infectious process involved.
  3. The routine culture workup can be guided by the results of the smear.
  4. It can dictate the need for non-routine or additional testing.
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4
Q

List down the Types of Culture Media

A
  1. Non-selective Culture Media
  2. Selective Media
  3. Differential Media
  4. Enriched Media
  5. Broth Media
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5
Q

A Type of Media that support the growth of most non-fastidious microbes

A

Non-selective Media

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6
Q

The standard Non-selective Medium

A

Sheep Blood Agar

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7
Q

A Type of Media that support the growth of one type or group of microbes but not another.

A

Selective Media

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8
Q

A Selective Medium may contain inhibitory substances such as:

A

Antimicrobials
Dyes
Alcohols

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9
Q

Selective Media for Enteric Gram-negative Bacilli

A

MacConkey Agar

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10
Q

Selective Media for Gram-positive organisms

A

Columbia Agar with Colistin and Nalidixic Acid

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11
Q

A Type of Media that allows grouping of microbes based on different characteristics demonstrated on the medium

A

Differential Media

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12
Q

A Type of Media that contains growth enhancers that are added to Non-selective agar to allow fastidious organisms to flourish

A

Enriched Media

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13
Q

An example of Enriched Media

A

Chocolate Agar

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14
Q

_____ is a liquid medium designed to encourage the growth of small numbers of a particular organisms while suppressing other flora present

A

Enrichment Broth

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15
Q

This is used to enhance the growth of group B streptococci

A

Todd Hewitt Broth with Colistin and Nalidixic Acid (LIM Broth)

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16
Q

A Type of Media that can be used as a supplement to agar plates to detect small numbers of most aerobes, anaerobes, and microaerophiles

A

Broth Media

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17
Q

An example of Supplemental Broth Media

A

Thioglycollate Broth

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18
Q

If the volume of fluid is greater than 1 mL, the specimen can be centrifuged for _____ at 3000x g

A

20 minutes

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19
Q

If the volume of fluid is greater than 1 mL, the specimen
can be centrifuged for 20 minutes at _____

A

3000x g

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20
Q

If the specimen consistency is thin enough to avoid filter clogging, filtration with a _____ unit can be performed.

A

Nalgene Filter

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21
Q

The specimen should be submitted on two swabs; one is used for the _____, and the other is for _____.

A

Culture Media
Direct Smear

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22
Q

Tissues can be prepared for culture by _____, in which the tissue is ground in a tissue grinder.

A

Homogenization

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23
Q

Growth in the first quadrant can be graded as _____, or light growth;

A

1+

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24
Q

Growth in the first quadrant can be graded as 1+, or _____;

A

Light Growth

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25
Q

Growth in the second or third quadrant can be graded as 2+ to 3+, or _____

A

Moderate Growth

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26
Q

Growth in the third or fourth quadrant can be graded as _____, or heavy growth

A

4+

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27
Q

Urine specimens are inoculated using a _____.

A

Quantitative Isolation

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28
Q

Plates are inoculated using a _____ to deliver a specified volume.

A

Calibrated Loop

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29
Q

Most bacteria cultures are incubated at _____

A

35 to 37 degree Celsius

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30
Q

Some bacteria are _____ and require an increased concentration of CO2; this can be achieved by a candle jar, a CO2 incubator, jar, or bag.

A

Capnophiles

31
Q

Some bacteria are capnophiles and require an increased concentration of CO2; this can be achieved by:

A

Candle Jar
CO2 Incubator/Jar/Bag

32
Q

_____ grow with reduced oxygen and increased CO2 and can be isolated using jars or bags.

A

Microaerophiles

33
Q

Most routine bacterial cultures are held for _____

A

48 to 72 hours or 2 to 3 days

34
Q

Cultures for anaerobes and broth cultures may be held
for _____

A

5 to 7 days

35
Q

If your sample is swab, there should be at least how many swabs?

A

2 swabs

36
Q

“Thin” specimens of fluids such as _____, _____, and _____ should be dropped but not spread on the slide.

A

CSF
Urine
Transudates

37
Q

Categories of Stains

A
  1. Simple Stain
  2. Differential Stain
  3. Probe-mediated Stains
38
Q

This Stain are directed toward coloring the forms
and shapes present. What is this?

A

Simple Stain

39
Q

This Stain are directed toward coloring specific
components of the elements present. What is this?

A

Differential Stain

40
Q

This Stain are directed specifically at identification of an organism. What is this?

A

Diagnostic Antibody or DNA Probe-mediated Stains

41
Q

Four of the Stains should be available in the Microbiology Laboratory. What are the four Stains?

A

Gram Stain
Acid-fast Stain
Calcofluor White
Rapid Modified Wright-Giemsa

42
Q

Identify the Stain based on its application:

  • Bronchoalveolar lavages
  • Tzanck’s preparations
  • Samples with complex
    cellular backgrounds
    (visualizes bacteria, yeast,
    parasites, and viral
    inclusions)
A

Wright-Giemsa

43
Q

Identify the Stain based on its application:

  • Flagella
A

Leifson

44
Q

Identify the Stain based on its application:

  • Metachromatic granules of
    Corynebacterium diptheriae
A

Methylene blue

45
Q

Identify the Stain based on its application:

  • Sediments for mycobacteria
    (concentrated smears)
  • Partial acid-fastness of
    Nocardia spp.
A

Ziehl-Neelsen

46
Q

Identify the Stain based on its application:

  • Sediments for mycobacteria
    (concentrated smears,
    auramine, and rhodamine)
  • Preferred acid-fast stain
A

Fluorochrome

47
Q

Identify the Stain based on its application:

  • Acid-fast stain modification
    of Ziehl-Neelsen method for
    Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora parasites in stool
    specimens
A

Kinyoun

48
Q

Identify the Stain based on its application:

  • Bronchoalveolar fungi and
    some parasitic cysts
  • Differentiates them from
    background materials of
    similar morphology
A

Calcofluor white stain

49
Q

Identify the Stain based on its application:

  • Routine stain for diagnostic
    area
  • Yeast differentiated from all
    other organisms
A

Gram Stain (Traditional)

50
Q

Identify the Stain based on its application:

  • Provides same differential
    staining but enhances rednegative organisms by
    staining the background
    material green to gray-green.
A

Gram Stain (Enhanced)

51
Q

Identify the Stain based on its application:

  • Used for specific
    identification of selected
    pathogens, such as
    Chlamydia trachomatis,
    Bordetella pertussis,
    Legionella pneumophila,
    herpes simplex virus,
    varicella-zoster virus,
    cytomegalovirus,
    adenovirus, and respiratory viruses
A

Antibody or DNA Probe Stains

52
Q

Gram Stain was Was developed empirically by the Danish bacteriologist
_____ in 1884

A

Hans Christian Gram

53
Q

Was developed empirically by the Danish bacteriologist
Hans Christian Gram in _____

A

1884

54
Q

Crystal violet (hexamethyl-p-rosanaline chloride) to color
all cells and background material a _____

A

Deep blue

55
Q

Bacteria with thick cell walls containing _____
retain the crystal violet– iodine complex dye after
decolorization and appear deep blue; they are grampositive bacteria.

A

Techoic acid

56
Q

Bacteria with thick cell walls containing teichoic acid
retain the _____ after
decolorization and appear deep blue; they are grampositive bacteria.

A

Crystal violet-iodine complex dye

57
Q

Bacteria with thick cell walls containing teichoic acid
retain the crystal violet– iodine complex dye after
decolorization and appear _____; they are grampositive bacteria.

A

Deep blue

58
Q

Bacteria with thick cell walls containing teichoic acid
retain the crystal violet– iodine complex dye after
decolorization and appear deep blue; they are (gram-negative or gram-positive) bacteria.

A

Gram-positive

59
Q

Other bacteria with thinner walls containing
lipopolysaccharides do not retain the dye complex; they
are (gram-positive or gram-negative) bacteria

A

Gram-negative

60
Q

The _____ damages these thin lipid walls and allows the stain complex to wash out.

A

Alcohol-acetone Decolorizer

61
Q

All unstained elements are subsequently counterstained
_____ by safranin dye.

A

Red

62
Q

All unstained elements are subsequently counterstained
red by _____.

A

Safranin Dye

63
Q

Gram-positive cocci in pairs:

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus spp.

64
Q

Gram-positive cocci in tetrads:

A

Micrococcus
Staphylococcus
Peptostreptococcus spp.

65
Q

Gram-positive cocci in groups/clusters:

A

Staphylococcus
Peptostreptococcus
Stomatococcus spp.

66
Q

Gram-positive cocci in chains:

A

Streptococcus and Peptostreptococcus spp.

67
Q

Gram-positive cocci that are encapsulated:

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes (rarely)
Stomatococcus mucilaginosus

68
Q

Gram-positive diplococci (lancet-shaped):

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

69
Q

Gram-negative diplococci Pathogenic:

A

Neisseria spp. and Moraxella catarrhalis

70
Q

Small gram-positive bacilli:

A

Listeria monocytogenes and Corynebacterium spp

71
Q

Medium gram-positive bacilli:

A

Lactobacillus and anaerobic bacilli

72
Q

Large gram-positive bacilli:

A

Clostridium and Bacillus spp.

73
Q

Diphtheroid gram-positive bacilli:

A

Clinical Bacteriology (Prelim) (17 decks)

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