Ch. 5: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

what are the four main premises of theories of motivation?

A
  1. Instinct theory
  2. Arousal theory
  3. Drive reduction theory
  4. Need-based theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

defn: instinct theory of motivation

A

certain behaviors are based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

defn: arousal

A

the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

defn: arousal theory of motivation

A

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

defn: Yerkes-Dodson law

A

part of the arousal theory of motivation

performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level

varies between different task types

low levels optimal for highly cognitive tasks

high levels optimal for activities requiring physical endurance and stamina

simple tasks require slightly higher arousal than compelx tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

defn: drive vs. instinct vs. incentive

A

instinct: innate, fixed patterns of behavior

drive: internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals (drives do not require external factors)

drive: creates an uncomfortable state which ensures motivation to eliminate the state or relieve the internal tension created by unmet needs

incentive: reward, avoidance of punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

defn: primary drives and secondary drives

A

primary: water, food, warmth –> motivate us to sustain homeostasis

secondary: not related to biological process; stem from learning; can include emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what controls homeostasis?

A

negative feedback loops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

defn: drive reduction theory

A

motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

(physio conditions result in neg. internal environment –> drives motivation and seeks homeostasis to reduce the discomfort)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

defn: need-based theories of motivation

A

energy and resources are allocated to best satisfy human needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

defn: primary vs. secondary needs

A

primary: physiological (food, water, sleep, shelter)

secondary: mental states (power, achievement, social belonging)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

defn: needs (per Maslow)

A

relatively long-lasting feelings that require relief or satisfaction and tend to influence action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 5 levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? and how does one progress through them?

A
  1. Physiological (most primitive, essential, the foundation)
  2. Safety
  3. Love/Belonging
  4. Esteem
  5. Self-actualization/need to realize one’s fullest potential

If the lowest level of need is not met, motivation to meet that need will be the highest priority

once the lowest level is met, if additional needs exist, they will be satisfied based on priority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

defn: self-based determination theory (SDT)

A

emphasizes the role of three universal needs

  1. autonomy
  2. competence
  3. relatedness

these three needs must be met to develop healthy relationships with yourself and others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

defn: incentive theory

A

behavior is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

defn: expectancy-value theory

A

the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of the:

  1. individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal
  2. the degree to which the individual values succeeding at the goal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

defn: opponent-process theory

A

explained with continuous drug use

when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body attempts to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology

reaction lasts longer than the drug –> withdrawal symptoms

18
Q

defn: tolerance

A

a decreased in perceived drug effect over time

relates to opponent-process theory

19
Q

what are the three elements of an emotion? describe them.

A
  1. physiological response (arousal stimulated by the autonomic nervous system)
  2. behavioral response (facial expressions, body language)
  3. cognitive response (subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced)
20
Q

what are the seven universal emotions?

A
  1. happiness
  2. sadness
  3. contempt
  4. surprise
  5. fear
  6. disgust
  7. anger
21
Q

what is the basis behind the idea of universal emotions?

A

emotions are a result of evolution and are thus universal (expressions also universal)

22
Q

defn: evolutionary perspective

A

everything we do, think, and feel is based on specialized functional programs designed for any problem we encounter

23
Q

what are the three theories of emotion? describe them.

A

James-Lange:

  1. Stimulus
  2. Physiological arousal (periphery organs receive info and respond)
  3. Emotion labeled (brain reacts to peripheral organ response)

Cannon-Bard:

  1. Physiological arousal and emotional feeling occur at the same time (stimulus sends info to cortex and SNS at the same time)
  2. Behavioral component of emotion

Schacter-Singer (cognitive arousal/two-factor theory):

  1. Physiological arousal and cognitive label/appraisal (identification of stimulus) are needed to experience emotion
24
Q

defn, loc, components: limbic system

A

a complex set of structures involved in emotion and motivation

below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus

amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and fornix, septal nuclei, parts of the cerebral cortex

25
Q

defn and func: amygdala

A

small, round structure

signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions

processes the environment, detects external cues, learns from person’s surroundings to produce emotion

assoc. with fear, plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of facial expressions

26
Q

defn and func: thalamus

A

preliminary sensory processing station

routes info to the cortex and other brain areas

27
Q

defn, loc, and func: hypothalamus

A

loc: below the thalamus

synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters

homeostatic functions, modulate emotion, dictates emotional states

28
Q

defn, loc, and func: hippocampus

A

loc: temporal lobe

creates long-term memories, creates context for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience

29
Q

match: hippocampus, amygdala

explicit memory, implicit memory

A

hippocampus : explicit memory (conscious)

amygdala: implicit memory (emotional)

both : formation and retrieval of emotional memories

30
Q

defn and aka: emotional memory

A

implicit memory

the storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event

when experiencing a similar event later on, these emotions may be retrieved (think of PTSD)

31
Q

describe: formation and retrieval of emotional memories via explicit and implicit memory systems

A

formation / explicit: memory about emotion

formation / implicit: emotional memory

retrieval / explicit: conscious memory of the emotional event

retrieval / implicit: expression of emotional responses

32
Q

defn, divisions, func, loc: prefrontal cortex

A
  1. Prefrontal cortex: anterior part of frontal lobes; assoc. with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, making decisions, coordinate arousal and cognitive states
  2. dorsal prefrontal cortex: attention and cognition
  3. ventral prefrontal cortex: connects with brain regions responsible for experiencing emotion
  4. ventromedial prefrontal cortex: substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala
33
Q

defn: cognitive appraisal

A

the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress

34
Q

what are the two stages of cognitive appraisal? describe them.

A
  1. primary appraisal (initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat; can be identified as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful)

IF PRIMARY APPRAISAL REVEALS A THREAT, STAGE 2 BEGINS

  1. secondary appraisal (evaluating whether the organism can cope with stress; evaluates harm or damage caused by the event, threat or potential for future damage caused by the event, and challenge or the potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event)
35
Q

defn: reappraisal

A

ongoing monitoring, constant

36
Q

defn: distress vs. eustress

A

distress: occurs when a stressor is perceived as unpleasant (threat)

eustress: the result of a positively-perceived stressor (challenge)

37
Q

defn: social readjustment rating scale

A

a system for measuring stress level in “life change units”

38
Q

defn: approach-approach conflict

A

the need to choose between two desirable options

39
Q

defn: avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

the need to choose between two negative options

40
Q

defn: approach-avoidance conflict

A

deal with only one choice, goal, or event but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements

41
Q

defn, stages, and explanation: general adaptation syndrome

A

the sequence of physiological responses to stressors

  1. alarm
  2. resistance
  3. exhaustion
    3a. Panic zone
    3b. Breakdown/Burnout

alarm: initial reaction to a stressor & activation of sympathetic nervous system

resistance: continuous hormone release allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor

exhaustion: the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity