Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych/Soc Correct Deck > Ch. 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior > Flashcards

Ch. 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

defn: social action

A

actions and behaviors that individuals are performing or modulating because others are around (humans will behave in different ways based on their social environment and how their behavior will affect those around them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

defn: social action vs. social interaction

A

social action: considers the individual that is surrounded by others

social interaction: considers 2+ individuals who take one another into account

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

defn: social facilitation

A

people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others (performance sparks a perceived evaluation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

defn: Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

A

being in the presence of others raises arousal –> enhances the performance of tasks one is already good at (simple tasks) and hinders performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

defn, aka, contributing factors: deindividuation

A

the loss of one’s self-awareness in a group setting and the associated adoption of a more group oriented identity

aka: mob mentality

factors: group cohesion (individual can relate to group), individual anonymity (diffuse sense of individual responsibility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

defn: antinormative behavior

A

can stem from deindividuation

behavior not socially acceptable in most social circumstances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

defn, contributing effects: bystander effect

A

individuals do not intervene to assist those who are in perceived need when other people are present

likelihood and timeliness of response is inversely related to the # of bystanders

factors: less likely to notice out of the ordinary, take cues from others, degree of emergency, degree of responsibility felt (competency, relation to at risks, deserving of aid?), group cohesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

defn: social loafing

A

the tendency of individuals to reduce effort when in a group setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

defn: peers and peer pressure

A

peers: individuals regarded as equals within a social group

peer pressure: the social influenced placed on an individual by one’s peers

can be positive or negative

can lead to risky behaviors in teens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

defn: identity shift effect

A

when one’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, they often will confirm to the group norms

they then experience internal conflict bc the behavior is outside the norm for the individual

to eliminate the internal conflict: identity shift wherein they adopt the group standards as their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

defn: cognitive dissonance

A

the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions which generally leads to an internal state of discomfort

individuals will try to reduce this discomfort by changing, adding to, or minimizing one of these dissonant thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what was Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment testing? what were the results?

A

test: perception; examine if the behavior of the individual was influenced by the confederates

result: individuals will sometimes provide answers they know to be untrue if it avoids going against the group (the urge toward conformity could outweigh the desire to be correct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

defn: group polarization

A

the tendency for groups to collaboratively make decisions that are MORE EXTREME than the individual ideas of the group members

can lead to riskier or more cautious decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

defn: choice shift

A

measured changes in decisions before and after group interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

defn: choice shift vs. group polarization

A

choice shift: measured changes in decisions before and after group interaction

group polarization: more general to tendency of a group to move to more extreme decisions as a result of interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

defn: groupthink

A

desire for harmony or conformity results in a group coming to an incorrect or poor decision

in an attempt to minimize conflict: consensus decisions are reached without assessing alternative ideas

desire to agree with group causes loss of independent critical thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 8 factors that Irving Janis describes as indicative of groupthink? describe them.

A
  1. ILLUSION OF INVULNERABILITY (encourage risk, ignore pitfalls, too optimistic)
  2. COLLECTIVE RATIONALIZATION (ignore expressed concerns about group approved ideas)
  3. ILLUSION OF MORALITY (believe group ideas are morally correct, disregarding contrary evidence)
  4. EXCESSIVE STEREOTYPING (construct stereotypes of those expressing outside opinions)
  5. PRESSURE FOR CONFORMITY (feel pressured not to express opinions that disagree with group, view opposition as disloyal)
  6. SELF-CENSORSHIP (withhold ideas and opinions that disagree with the group)
  7. ILLUSION OF UNANIMITY (believe the decisions and judgements of the group to be without disagreement, even if it does exist)
  8. MINDGUARDS (some may decide to take on a role protecting the group against oppoisng views)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what 3 cultural phenomena involve similar patterns of thinking to groupthink and group polarization)?

A

riots, fads, and mass hysteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

defn: mass hysteria

A

a shared, intense concern about threats to society

groupthink features lead to a shared delusion that is augmented by distrust, rumors, propaganda, and fear mongering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

defn: culture

A

the beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

learned by living with in a society, observing behaviors and traits, and adopting them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

defn: cultural assimilation

A

the process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group

can also mean that groups with different cultures begin to merge

an uneven merging of cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the four primary factors used to assess the degree of assimilation in immigrant communities?

A
  1. socioeconomic status
  2. geographic distribution
  3. language attainment
  4. intermarriage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

defn: ethnic enclaves

A

an alternative to assimilation

locations with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity (e.g. Chinatown)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

defn and aka: multiculturalism

A

aka: cultural diversity

communities/societies containing multiple cultures or ethnic groups

encourages, respects, and celebrates cultural differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

multiculturalism vs. assimilation

A

multiculturalism (cultural mosaic, coexistence)

assimilation (melting pot, uneven, into one homogenous culture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

defn and char: subculture

A

groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

symbolic attachment to things such as clothing, music can differentiate the group from the majority

can be founded based on race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

defn: counterculture

A

a subculture group that gravitates toward an identity that is at odds with majority culture and deliberately opposes prevailing social mores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

defn: socialization

A

the process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

individuals gain the knowledge, skills, habits, and behaviors necessary for inclusion in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

defn: cultural transmission/learning vs. cultural diffusion

A

cultural transmission/learning: the process by which beliefs, customs and norms passed down from one generation to another WITHIN a society

cultural diffusion: the process by which beliefs, customs, and norms are spread from one culture to another

30
Q

defn: primary vs. secondary socialization

A

primary:
- occurs during childhood
- we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society
- primarily through observation of our caregivers and other close adults
- sets stage for future socialization and personal opinion development

secondary:
- process of learning appropriate behavior/rules within smaller, specific sections of larger society
- outside the home (schools, sports, church, etc.)
- teens and adults
- smaller changes/refinements to already established behaviors
- can also occur when you move, change schools, or change professions

31
Q

defn: anticipatory socialization

A

the process by which a person prepares for future occupation, living situation, or relationship changes (ex: premed student shadowing doctors)

32
Q

defn: resocialization

A

process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones through intensive retraining and can be positive or negative (e.g. cult, army)

33
Q

defn: norms vs. mores

A

norms: societal rules that define boundaries of acceptable behavior (serve as a means of social control)

mores: widely observed social norms

34
Q

defn: social control

A

a mechanism for regulating the behavior of individuals and groups

35
Q

defn: sanctions (positive and negative)

A

penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior

negative sanctions punish behaviors that deviate from norms
positive sanctions reward behaviors that comply with norms

a means of social control

36
Q

defn: formal vs. informal sanctions

A

formal: enforced by formal social institutions like governments or employers (e.g. promotions, jail)

informal: enforced by social groups (sit at certain cafeteria table, exclusion from social group)

37
Q

defn: taboo

A

what is socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible

38
Q

defn: folkways

A

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions (shaking hands after a sports match)

39
Q

defn and life path progression for interpersonal relationships: agent of socialization

A

any part of society that is important when learning social norms and values

in childhood: caregivers

teens: direct family, social circles

adults: colleagues, bosses

40
Q

defn: popular culture

A

common trends, beliefs, prevalent at a given point in time

41
Q

what are 9 agents of socialization (with some examples of what they provide)?

A
  1. family (language, relationships, rules, social interactions, morals, role models, behavior)
  2. peers (activities, trends)
  3. religion (values, love for others, life meaning, life guidelines)
  4. government (laws, security, sanctions, punishment)
  5. media (stereotypes, trends, how to act)
  6. work (employment, money, rules, roles)
  7. ethnic background (beliefs, customs, values)
  8. clubs/social groups (social interaction, activity rules)
  9. school (grammar, social setting values)
42
Q

defn: deviance

A

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society (can be positive or negative)

43
Q

defn: social stigma

A

extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society (diff in beliefs, abilities, behaviors, and appearance)

evolves over time, can spread to affect associated others

44
Q

defn: labeling theory

A

strongly linked with deviance, stigmatization, and reputation

the labels given to a person affect how others respond to that person, and affect the person’s self-image

labels can lead to channeling of behavior into deviance or conformity

45
Q

defn: role engulfment

A

internalizing a label and assuming the role implied by the label leads to the assumed role taking over a person’s identity

46
Q

defn: differential association theory

A

deviance (esp. criminal behavior) can be learned through interactions with others

intimate exposure to others engaging in deviant behavior lays the groundwork for people to engage in deviant behavior themselves

differential association is the degree to which one is surrounded by ideals that adhere to social norms vs. ideals that go against them

when deviant groups are more numerous or intense than normative groups, individuals gravitate toward deviant behavior

47
Q

defn: strain theory

A

attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect btwn social goals and social structure

e.g. American dream

deviant behavior may arise as an attempt to achieve the social goal outside of the limiting social structure

48
Q

defn: conformity vs. compliance vs. obedience

A

CONFORMITY = matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group or societal expectations

COMPLIANCE = change in behavior based on a direct request made by someone without actual authority over an individual

OBEDIENCE = changing one’s behavior in response to a direct or or expectation expressed by authority figure

49
Q

aka: conformity

A

majority influence

50
Q

defn: normative conformity

A

the desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection

51
Q

what are two types of conformity? describe them.

A

internalization: changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the group ideas

identification: the outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas

52
Q

describe the Stanford Prison Experiment in brief and what social process it relates to

A

21 male college students randomly assigned to prisoner or guard role

internalization (a type of conformity)

had to be ended after 6 days because “guards” had begun to be physically abusive to “prisoners”

53
Q

what type of society tends to conformity? what type doesn’t?

A

does: collectivist culture (group mentality supersedes the individual)

doesn’t: individualist culture (value independent thought and unique ideas)

54
Q

what are the four main compliance techniques? describe them

A

FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR = begins with small request, after gaining compliance, larger request is made

DOOR-IN-THE-FACE = opposite of above; a large request is made first, and if refused, a second smaller request is made (actual goal)

LOWBALL TECHNIQUE = requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, then raise the cost of the commitment (can include money, effort, time)

THAT’S-NOT-ALL TECHNIQUE = individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected (i.e. infomercials)

55
Q

are people more likely to obey or comply? why?

A

obey because of real or perceived social power of the individual

56
Q

describe Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiment in brief. what were the results?

A

learner = paid actor, teacher = volunteer who told they would be randomly assigned to teacher or learner

teacher given sample shock, told they would be administer shocks to learners who make mistakes

teachers told they would need to increase voltage each time learner was incorrect

learners receive no real shocks, but act more and more uncomfortable –> teachers become less willing to increase shock voltage

HOWEVER using increasingly demanding language, the researchers were able to get he majority of participants to administer very high voltage shocks, despite discomfort shown while doing so

PEOPLE OBEY EVNE IF THEY DO NOT WISH TO CONTINUE

57
Q

defn: social cognition

A

focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

impacted by attitudes

58
Q

defn and cause: attitude

A

the expression of positive or negative feeling toward a person, place, thing, or scenario

develop from experiences with others who affect our opinions and behaviors

59
Q

what are the three primary components of attitude? describe them.

A

ABC

  1. AFFECTIVE (the way a person FEELS toward something, emotional)
  2. BEHAVIORAL (the way a person ACTS with respect to something)
  3. COGNITIVE (the way an individual thinks about something, usually the justification for the other two components)
60
Q

what are the four main theories of attitudes?

A
  1. functional attitudes theory
  2. learning theory
  3. elaboration likelihood model
  4. social cognitive theory
61
Q

defn: functional attitudes thoery

A

attitudes serve four functions
1. knowledge
2. ego expression
3. adaptation
4. ego defense

62
Q

defn and corresp attitude theory: knowledge function

A

functional attitudes theory

attitudes help provide organization to thoughts and experiences

knowing the attitudes of others helps to predict their behavior

63
Q

defn and corresp attitude theory: ego expression

A

functional attitudes theory

allows us to communicate and solidify our self-identity

64
Q

defn and corresp attitude theory: adaptation

A

functional attitudes theory

expressed socially acceptable attitudes will lead to acceptance

65
Q

defn and corresp attitude theory: ego defense

A

functional attitudes theory

attitudes protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong

66
Q

defn: learning theory

A

an attitude theory

attitudes are developed through different learning forms (i.e. direct contact with object of attitude, direct instruction from others, others’ attitudes, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning)

67
Q

defn: elaboration likelihood model

A

a theory of attitude formation and attitude change that separates individuals on a continuum based on how they process persuasive information

68
Q

what are the two extremes of the elaboration likelihood model? what are these extremes referred to as?

A
  1. elaborate extensively (think deeply about info, scrutinize its meaning and purpose, draw conclusions or make decisions based on this analysis) = CENTRAL ROUTE PROCESSING / CENTRAL ROUTE TO PERSUASION (scientific paper)
  2. do not elaborate, focus on superficial details (appearance of the one delivering the argument, catchphrases, slogans, credibility) = PERIPHERAL ROUTE PROCESSING / PERIPHERAL ROUTE TO PERSUASION (ad with just a logo that is a visually appealing image)
69
Q

defn: social cognitive theory

A

an attitude theory

people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others

behavior develops through direct observation and replication of the actions of others (influenced by personal factors and environment)

70
Q

defn: Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation

A

behavior, personal factors, and environment are not independent concepts, but influence each other

Psych/Soc Correct Deck (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions