Psychology Flashcards
Who developed phrenology?
Franz Gall
Who studied the major functions of the brain? They used extirpation to study the brain’s parts.
Pierre Flourens
Who first developed functionalism?
William James
Who furthered the study of functionalism?
John Dewey
Who studied people with brain legions in specific areas? He has a brain area named after him.
Paul Broca
Who measured the speed of a nerve impulse? He was instrumental in making psychology a “science.”
Hermann von Helmholtz
Who discovered the synapse?
Sir Charles Sherrington
Who developed the psychoanalytic perspective?
Sigmund Freud
Self-determination Theory
Emphasizes three universal needs: Autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
Incentive Theory
Explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments.
Expectancy-Value Theory
The amount of motivation for a task is based on the expectation of success and the value of that success.
Opponent-Process Theory
Explains the motivation for drug use: as use increases, the body counteracts its effects. leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.
Primary Appraisal of Stress
Classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful.
Secondary Appraisal of Stress
Evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress.
Components of an Attitude
Affective, behavioral, and cognitive.
Functional attitudes theory
States there are four functional areas of attitudes: knowledge, ego-expression, adaptability, and ego defense.
Learning Theory
States that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning.
Secure Attachment
Requires a consistent caregiver. Child shows a strong preference for the caregiver compared to strangers.
Implicit Personality Theory
When we look at somebody for the first time, we pick up on one of their characteristics. We then take that characteristic and assume other traits about the person based off of that one characteristic we first picked up on.
Correspondent Inference Theory
Focuses on the intentionality of a person’s behavior. When someone unexpectedly does something that either helps or hurts us, we form a dispositional attribution; we correlate the action to the person’s personality.
Rational Choice Theory
States that individuals will make decisions that maximize benefit and minimize harm. Expectancy Theory applies rational choice theory within groups.
Anomie
Lack of social norms, or the breakdown of social bonds between individuals and society.
Hawthorne Effect
Behavior of subjects is altered by them simply knowing they are being studied.
Septal Nuclei
Pleasure and Addiction
Signal Detection Theory
Refers to the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations on perception of stimuli. Accounts for response bias.
Stage 1 Sleep
Light Sleep
Theta Waves
Stage 2 Sleep
Deeper Sleep
Theta Waves, sleep spindles and k complexes
Stage 3 Sleep
Sleep walking and bed wetting occur at this stage
Delta Waves, Deep Sleep
Stage 4 Sleep
Deep Sleep/Slow-wave sleep
James-Lange Theory
Behavioral and physiological actions lead to emotions. Ex: Power posing.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotional and physiological responses to a stimulus occur simultaneously. They arise from separate and independent areas of the brain.
Explicit memory
Conscious recall with effort and focus.
Declarative memory
Facts and events.
Episodic memory
Events and experiences.
Implicit memory
Unconscious. Accounts for acquired skills and conditioned responses to circumstances and stimuli.
Procedural memory
Skills and tasks.
Semantic memory
Facts and concepts.
