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MCAT Review > General Biology > Flashcards

General Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Keratin = Vimentin

Desmin = Lamin

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2
Q

Negative Sense Strand

A

RNA replicase must synthesize a complimentary strand, which can then be translated.

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3
Q

Retrovirus

A

Single stranded RNA. Reverse transcriptase needed to make DNA.

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4
Q

Mitosis Ploidy

A

2n through the entire process.

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5
Q

Meiosis Ploidy

A

2n through Meiosis I and Meiosis II. The end result is four cells with n.

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6
Q

Morula

A

Early mass of cells.

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7
Q

Blastula

A

Implants in endometrial lining

Fluid filled blastocoel

Trophoblast → Chorion / placenta

Inner Cell Mass → Organism

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8
Q

Formen Ovule

A

R atrium → L atrium

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9
Q

Ductus Arteriousus

A

Pulmonary artery → Aorta

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10
Q

Astrocytes

A

Blood-brain barrier. Controls solutes moving from bloodstream → nervous tissue.

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11
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

The barrier between cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid of the CNS.

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12
Q

Microglia

A

Digest waste in CNS.

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13
Q

Schwann Cells

A

PNS, makes myelin.

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14
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Increase CO2 –> Hypercarbia/hypercapria ↑respiration (exchanging gases)

Decrease O2 –> Hypoxemia ↑ventilation (air in/out)

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15
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Systole / Diastole

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16
Q

Cardiac Output Equation

A

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume. CO = HR X SV

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17
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS, makes myelin.

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18
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A

Assists in Vitamin B12 absorption.

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19
Q

Chief Cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen.

20
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Secrete HCl and Intrinsic factor.

21
Q

Leptin & Cholecystokinin

A

Increase satiety.

22
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Stimulates bile release from gallbladder
Release of pancreatic juices
Satiety

23
Q

Gut Bacteria

A

Produce vitamin K and biotin (vitamin B7).

24
Q

Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle

A

Permeable to H2O but NOT salt; therefore, as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate.

25
Q

Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle

A

Permeable to salt but NOT to H2O; therefore, salt is reabsorbed both passively and actively. The diluting
segment is in the outer medulla; because salt is actively reabsorbed in this site, the filtrate becomes hypotonic compared to the blood.

26
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Multiple thin layers, flat keratinocytes.

27
Q

Stratum Luciderm

A

Only on thick, hairless skin.

28
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Keratinocytes die.

29
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Langerhans cells

29
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Stem cells → keratinocytes

30
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Macrophages that are antigen-presenting cells in skin

31
Q

Red Fibers

A

Slow twitch. Support (dark meat). Carry out oxidative phosphorylation.

32
Q

White Fibers

A

Fast-twitch. Active (white meat). Anaerobic metabolism.

33
Q

Bone Matrix

A

Osteons are the chief structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric bone layers called lamellae, which surround a long hollow passageway, the Haversian canal. Between rings are lacunae, where osteocytes reside, which are connected with cancaliculi.

34
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric bone layers

35
Q

Haversian Canel

A

Long hollow passageway in the bone

36
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Secrete chondrin which is the matrix of cartilage.

37
Q

Parasympathetic Neuron Sequence

A

Closer to the target organ. First synapse is acetylcholine. Second synapse is acetylcholine or nitric acid.

38
Q

Sympathetic Neuron Sequence

A

Closer to Spinal Cord. First synapse is acetylcholine. Second synapse is norepinephrine.

39
Q

How does myosin relax after contraction?

A

ATP binds the myosin head, releasing it from actin.

40
Q

Law of Segregation

A

An organism has two alleles for each gene, which segregate during Anaphase I. Because of this, gametes carry only one allele for a trait.

41
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

The inheritance of one allele does not influence the probability of inheriting a given allele for a different trait (except for linked genes).

42
Q

Stop Codons

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

U Are Annoying, U Go Away, U Are Gone

43
Q

Membranes that interact with the environment produce what?

A

Mucus

  1. Reproductive Tract
  2. Respiratory Tract
  3. Gastrointestinal Tract
44
Q

N-Acyl Amino Acid

A

MCAT Review (9 decks)

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