Intro to Opthalmology

Question 1

What are the 3 layers of the eye? (Outermost to inner)

Answer 1

Fibrous
Vascular
Neural layer

Question 2

What makes up the fibrous layer?

Answer 2

Sclera
Cornea

Question 3

What makes up the vascular layer?

Answer 3

Iris
Pupil
Ciliary body
Choroid

Question 4

What makes up the neural layer? What receptors are in there?

Answer 4

Retina
Optic nerve
Photoreceptors

Question 5

What is the anterior section filled with?

Answer 5

Aqueous humor

Question 6

What is the posterior section filled with?

Answer 6

Vitreous humor

Question 7

What the the pigmented part of the retina?

Answer 7

Macula

Question 8

What is in the center of the macula?

Answer 8

Fovea

Question 9

What is special about the fovea?

Answer 9

Has the area of best visual acuity

Due to the large amount of cones

Question 10

What are cones?

Answer 10

Nerve photoreceptors with high acuity

Question 11

How does sight work?

Answer 11

1. We see light reflect off an object (unfocused)
2. Passes through cornea
3. passes through Iris
4. Goes through pupil (where light enters the eye)
5. Though Lens (focused)
6. Hits the retina
7. Optic nerve carries signal

Question 12

What is a focal point?

Answer 12

Location where light focuses on retina

Good vision, the focal point is on the retina

Question 13

What is refraction?

Answer 13

The bending of light to make a focused image

Question 14

What general cause does most vision problems come from?

Answer 14

Problems in refracting light

Question 15

What are refractions errors?

Answer 15

Unclear vision due to shape of eye keeping light from focusing correctly on the retina

Question 16

What is myopia?

Answer 16

Nearsightedness

Question 17

What causes myopia?

Answer 17

Too much cornea curvature
Eyeball is too long

Question 18

How do you correct myopia? How does it work?

Answer 18

Concave lenses
Wide view lens that diverges light rays
Makes objects smaller than they are

Question 19

What is hyperopia?

Answer 19

Farsightedness
AKA as hypermetropia

Question 20

What causes hyperopia?

Answer 20

Little cornea curvature
Eyeball is too short

Question 21

How do we treat hyperopia? How does it work?

Answer 21

Convex lens that converges rays to meet a a single point on the lens
Makes objects larger than they are

Question 22

What are features of a concave lens?

Answer 22

Spreads out light(divergent)
Focal point in front of lens
Smaller image but clear
Wider viewing angle

Question 23

What are features of a convex lens?

Answer 23

Focuses light(convergent)
Focal point behind the lens
Magnification

Question 24

What is astigmatism? What type of images does it produce

Answer 24

Irregular shape of the cornea or lens(football)
Blurry, (starry car lights)

Question 25

What causes the blurry images in astigmatism ?

Answer 25

Light reflecting to multiple areas of the retina
Causes multiple focal points

Question 26

How do you correct astigmatism?

Answer 26

Cylindrical lenses that equalize the refraction of light

Question 27

What is presbyopia?

Answer 27

Aged-related farsightedness

Question 28

When does a patient notice they have presbyopia?

Answer 28

Around 44-46yo
Notice inability to read small print
Symptoms increase until 55 then stabilize

Question 29

What causes presbyopia?

Answer 29

Loss of mobility and focusing power of lens