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Hi Biology > Cell cycle and cell division > Flashcards

Cell cycle and cell division Flashcards

1
Q

The two major characteristics of living cells are

A

Growth and reproduction

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2
Q

The three important events of a cell cycle are

A

Cell division, DNA replication and cell growth

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3
Q

The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates a genome, synthesises the other constituents of cell and eventually divides into two daughter cells is termed as

A

Cell cycle

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4
Q

A cell cycle of a typical eukaryotic cell which is illustrated by human cells in culture is completed in

A

24 hours

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5
Q

A yeast cell can complete one cell cycle is about

A

90 minutes

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6
Q

A cell cycle is divided into two basic phases, namely

A

Interphase and M phase(Mitosis phase)

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7
Q

The phase of cell cycle when actual cell division occurs is?

A

M phase (Mitosis phase)

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8
Q

The phase between two successive M phases is represented by

A

Interphase

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9
Q

The % duration of interphase during the cell cycle is

A

more than 95%

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10
Q

The % duration of M phase during the cell cycle is

A

Less than 5%

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11
Q

M phase starts with the process of

A

nuclear division

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12
Q

M phase ends with the process of

A

cytokinesis

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13
Q

The process of separation of daughter chromosomes is called

A

Karyokinesis

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14
Q

The process of division of cytoplasm is termed as

A

Cytokinesis

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15
Q

Interphase is also known as

A

resting phase

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16
Q

During interphase, cell prepares itself for division by undergoing both processes, namely ____ and ____

A

cell growth and DNA replicaton

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17
Q

The phase during which cell prepares for division is

A

interphase

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18
Q

Interphase is divided into 3 phases, namely

A

G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase

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19
Q

The phase which acts as an interval between mitosis and initiation of DNA replication is

A

G1 phase

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20
Q

The phase in which cell is metabolically active and continuously grows but does not replicate its DNA is

A

G1 phase

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21
Q

The phase of cell cycle during which DNA replication takes place

A

Synthesis phase

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22
Q

During S phase, the amount of DNA per cell

A

doubles

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23
Q

If the chromosome number is 2n, then by the end of S phase, it will be

A

2n

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24
Q

If the initial amount of DNA is 2C, then by the end of S phase, it will be

A

4C

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25
Q

In animal cells, during S phase, DNA replication begins in ___

A

nucleus

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26
Q

Duplication of centriole during S phase occurs in ___

A

Cytoplasm

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27
Q

Proteins for preparation of M phase are synthesised during ____

A

G2 phase

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28
Q

The cells of adult animals which do not undergo division are

A

heart cells

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29
Q

The cells which do not divide further exit G1 phase to enter into an inactive stage are called

A

Quiescent stage (G0)

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30
Q

The phase of cell cycle in which cells remain metabolically active but donot poliferate unless called upon is

A

Quiescent stage (G0)

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31
Q

The metabolic stage of cells during G0 phase is

A

Active

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32
Q

In animals, mitotic cell division is only seen in

A

diploid somatic cells

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33
Q

In which organisms, haploid cells divide by mitosis?

A

male honey bees

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34
Q

Reorganisation of virtually all components of the cell occurs during which phase?

A

M phase

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35
Q

The phase of cell cycle which is called as an equational division is

A

M phase

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36
Q

The four stages of karyokinesis are namely

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

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37
Q

The first stage of karyokinesis occuring after G2 phase is

A

Prophase

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38
Q

The stage of mitosis marked by the initiation of condensation of chromosomal materials is

A

Prophase

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39
Q

During prophase, the structure which begins to move towards opposite poles of the cell is

A

Centrosome

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40
Q

Centrosome duplicates during ____ of interphase

A

S phase

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41
Q

During prophase, chromosomal material condenses to form compact mitotic ____

A

chromosomes

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42
Q

Chromosomes are composed of two chromatids attached together at

A

Centromere

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43
Q

Asters radiating out of centrosome are structurally

A

microtubules

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44
Q

Each centrosome radiates out microtubules called

A

asters

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45
Q

Mitotic apparatus is formed by spindle fibres and

A

2 asters

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46
Q

The component which along with asters form mitotic apparatus is

A

spindle fibres

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47
Q

The complete disintegration of nuclear envelope marks the start of which phase of mitosis?

A

metaphase

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48
Q

_____ of chromosomes is completed by the beginning of metaphase

A

Condensation

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49
Q

Metaphase is the stage to study ____ completely

A

Morphology of chromosomes

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50
Q

Chromosomes are clearly visible under microscope by which stage of mitosis?

A

metaphase

51
Q

Metaphase of chromosomes is composed of

A

two sister chromatids

52
Q

Two sister chromatids are held together by

A

Centromere

53
Q

Small disc shaped structures at the surface of centromere are called

A

Kinetochores

54
Q

The structures that serve as the site for attachment of spindle fibres are

A

kinetochores

55
Q

During metaphase, chromosomes are seen to lie at

A

equator

56
Q

Chromatids are connected via kinetochores to their respective _____

A

spindle fibres

57
Q

The plane of alignment of chromosomes at metaphase is referred as

A

metaphase plate

58
Q

Spindle fibres getting attached to kinetochores of chromosomes is the characteristic feature of which phase?

A

metaphase

59
Q

The phase of mitosis characterised by splitting of daughter chromatids in order to migrate towards two opposite poles is

A

anaphase

60
Q

In anaphase, what migrate towards two opposite poles from equatorial plate?

A

Daughter chromatids

61
Q

During which phase centromeres split and chromatids separate?

A

anaphase

62
Q

The final stage of karyokinesis is

A

telophase

63
Q

The chromosomes that have reached their respective poles decondense during which phase of mitosis?

A

telophase

64
Q

Identity of chromosomes is lost as a discrete elements during which mitotic phase?

A

telophase

65
Q

______, _______ and _____ are reformed during telophase

A

Nucleolus, golgi complex and ER

66
Q

During telophase, _____ develops around chromosome clusters at each pole forming two daughter nuclei

A

Nuclear envelope

67
Q

After karyokinesis, cell division gets completed by the process of

A

cytokinesis

68
Q

Cytokinesis is achieved by the appearance of a furrow in the plasma membrane of _____ cells

A

animals

69
Q

Wall formation starts in the centre of the cell and grows outward to meet the existing lateral walls in ___ cells

A

plant

70
Q

The precursor for formation of new cell wall in plant cells is

A

Cell-plate

71
Q

The middle lamella between the walls of adjacent plant cells is represented by

A

cell - plate

72
Q

The cell organelles which get distributed between two daughter cells during cytokinesis are

A

mitochondria and plastids

73
Q

Karyokinesis, when not followed by cytokinesis leads to the formation of

A

syncytium

74
Q

Liquid endosperm in coconut is an example of

A

syncytium

75
Q

The type of cell division which generally results in the production of diploid cells is

A

mitosis

76
Q

Mitosis usually results in production of _____ with identical genetic compliment

A

diploid daughter cells

77
Q

The growth of multicellular organisms is due to

A

mitosis

78
Q

Cell division is necessary to restore the ____ ratio

A

nuclear-cytoplasmic

79
Q

Cells are repaired by which cell division?

A

mitosis

80
Q

Continuous growth of plants is due to meristematic tissues by the process _____

A

mitoss

81
Q

The cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half in production of haploid in production of haploid daughter cells is

A

meiosis

82
Q

The type of cell division which endures the production of haploid phase in life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms is

A

meiosis

83
Q

The formation of haploid gametes in both plants and animals occur by

A

meiosis

84
Q

Meiosis involves ____ cycles of nuclear and cell division

A

two sequential

85
Q

Meiosis involves pairing of which chromosomes?

A

homologous chromosomes

86
Q

Two type of cell cycle which involves recombination between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes is

A

meiosis

87
Q

At the end of meiosis II ____ cells are formed

A

four haploid

88
Q

The 5 sub phases of prophase I are

A

leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis

89
Q

The stage of meiosis during which compaction of chromosomes occur is

A

leptotene

90
Q

The process of pairing of chromosomes is called

A

synapsis

91
Q

Synapsis occurs during which phase of meiosis I?

A

zygotene

92
Q

The paired chromosomes are called

A

homologous chromosomes

93
Q

Chromosome synapsis is accompained by the formation of complex structure called

A

synaptonemal complex

94
Q

The complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes is called

A

bivalent or tetrad

95
Q

The two short lived stages of prophase Iare ____ and ____

A

leptotene and zygotene

96
Q

The phase of prophase I during which four chromatids of each bivalent chromosome become distinct and clearly appear as tetrads is _____

A

pachytene

97
Q

The stage characterised by the appearance of recombination nodules is

A

pachytene

98
Q

The sites at which crossing over occurs between non sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes are called

A

recombination nodules

99
Q

The process of the exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes is called

A

crossing over

100
Q

The process of crossing over occurs during stage of meiosis?

A

pachytene

101
Q

The beginning of which stage is characterised by the dissolution of the synaptonemal complex?

A

Diplotene

102
Q

The homologous chromosomes of bivalent tend to separate from each other except at the site of _____

A

crossovers

103
Q

The X-shaped structure formed after crossing over is called

A

chiasmata

104
Q

Diplotene can last for months or years in _____ of some vertebrates

A

Oocytes

105
Q

The final stage of prophase I is

A

Diakinesis

106
Q

The stage of prophase marked by terminalisation of chiasmata is

A

Diakinesis

107
Q

By the end of diakinesis, nucleolus and nuclear envelope ____

A

disappears

108
Q

During which phase, the chromosomes are fully condensed and the meiotic spindle is assembled to prepare the homologous chromosomes for separation?

A

diakinesis

109
Q

The bivalent chromosomes align on equatorial plate during which phase of meiosis I?

A

Metaphase I

110
Q

The structure which attaches spindle fibres from opposite poles of kinetochore of homologous chromosomes

A

microtubules

111
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate while ____ remain associated during anaphase I

A

Sister chromatids

112
Q

Dyad of cells is formed by the end of which stage of meiosis I?

A

telophase I

113
Q

The stage between two meiotic divisions is called

A

Interkinesis

114
Q

The stage of meiosis which is short lived and where no replication of DNA occurs is

A

Interkinesis

115
Q

By the end of prophase II, ____membrane diappears

A

Nuclear

116
Q

Meiosis II resembles ____

A

normal mitosis

117
Q

During metaphase II, chromosomes align at the equator and the microtubules from opposite poles of the spindle get attached to the kinetochores of ___

A

Sister chromatids

118
Q

The structure that holds sister chromatids together is

A

Centromere

119
Q

The process of meiosis ends with which phase?

A

telophase II

120
Q

After telophase II, cytokinesis results in the formation of

A

four daughter haploid cells/ tetrad

121
Q

The significance of meiosis is that it conserves ____ of species

A

chromosome number

122
Q

The process of meiosis results in reduction of chromosome number by

A

half

123
Q

The process of cell division which increases the genetic variability in the population of organisms from one generation to next is

A

meiosis

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