Reproduction in Organisms Flashcards
When offspring is produced by a single parent with or without the involvement of gamete formation, the reproduction is ___________
asexual
Morphologically and genetically identical offsprings are also called
Clone
Among single celled organism and in plants and animals with relatively simple organisation the mode of reproduction is
Asexual reproduction
In _____________ and _____________, the organism or the parent cell divides by mitosis into two to give rise to new individuals
Protists & Monerans
Many single celled organisms reproduce by _______________, where a cell divides in two halves and each rapidly grows into adult.
Binary fission
The phenomenon of cyst formation is termed as
Encystation
When favorable conditions return, the encysted amoeba divides by-
Multiple fission
The encysted Amoeba divides by multiple fission and produces many minute amoeba or _____________
Pseudopodiospores
The cyst wall bursts out, and the spores are liberated in the surrounding medium to grow up into many amoebae. This phenomenon is known as
Sporulation
Members of the Kingdom Fungi and simple plants such as algae reproduce through special _____________________
asexual reproductive structures
Members of the Kingdom Fungi and simple plants such as algae reproduce through special asexual reproductive structures. The most common of these structures are ________
Zoospores
_________ are usually a microscopic & motile structure
Zoospores
Name any three common asexual reproductive structures
Conidia, Buds and Gemmules
In plants, the units of _________________ such as runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, bulb are all capable of giving rise to new offspring
Vegetative propagation
In some organisms, if the body breaks into distinct pieces (fragments) each fragment grows into an adult capable of producing offspring. This is called
Fragmentation
Name the aquatic plant which is also known as the terror of Bengal
Water hyacinth
Adventitious buds arise from the notches present at margins of leaves of ______________
Bryophyllum
In animals, the ____________ phase is followed by morphological and physiological changes prior to active reproductive behaviour.
Juvenile phase
The juvenile phase is also known as
Vegetative phase
Name the plant which flowers once in 12 years
Strobilanthus kunthiana (neelakuranji)
In non-primate mammals like cows, sheep, rats, deers, dogs, tiger, etc., cyclical changes during reproduction are called
Oestrus cycle
The cyclic changes in primates like monkey, apes, and humans are called
Menstrual cycle
In sexual reproduction, fusion of gametes is termed as
Fertilisation / syngamy
The events like fusion of gametes, the formation of zygote and embryogenesis are characteristics of_________
Sexual reproduction
Three stages of sexual reproduction are
Pre-fertilization, fertilization and post-fertilization events
________________ refers to the process of formation of the two types of gametes – male and female.
Gametogenesis
When both the gametes are similar in appearance that these can’t be distinguished, these gametes are called
Homogametes (isogametes)
Morphologically distinct types of gametes are called
Heterogametes
Male gametes are also called
Antherozoid or sperm
Female gamete is also called the ________
Egg or ovum
The fertilization of plants and some invertebrate animals by their own sperm rather than that of another individual is called
Self-fertilisation
Bisexual animals that possess both male and female reproductive organs are called ____.
Hermaphrodites
In several plants, the bisexual condition is denoted by ___________
Monoecious
The term used to describe the unisexual condition in plants is
Heterothallic
The term used for unisexuality in plants is
Heterothallic / Dioecious
The term used for unisexual male flower is
Staminate
_____________ refers to having both the male and female reproductive organs on the same plant.
Monoecious
____________ refers to having both the male and female reproductive organs in the separate individuals.
Dioecious
Bisexual animals that possess both male and female reproductive organs, are _____________
Hermaphrodites
There are two types of gametes in all ______________ species
Heterogametic species
The plant body of several organisms belonging to Monera, fungi, algae, and bryophytes is __________ in nature.
Haploid
The reduction division has to occur if a __________ body has to produce haploid gametes
Diploid
In diploid organisms, specialised cells called ___________ undergo meiosis
Meiocytes
At the end of meiosis, only ___________________ gets incorporated into each __________
One set of chromosomes; gamete
After their formation, male and female gametes must be physically brought together to facilitate ___________
Fusion (fertilisation)
___________ produced in anthers therefore, have to be transferred to the stigma before it can lead to fertilisation.
Pollen grains
In bisexual, self-fertilising plants, e.g., peas, transfer of pollen grains to the ___________ is relatively easy.
Stigma
A specialised event called______________ facilitates transfer of pollen grains to the stigma.
Pollination
__________ results in the formation of a diploid zygote.
Syngamy
Syngamy results in the formation of a diploid __________
Zygote
A natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization by sperm is
Parthenogenesis
In many terrestrial organisms, syngamy occurs inside the body of the organism and the process is called
Internal fertilization
_____________ refers to the process of development of embryo from the zygote
Embryogenesis
During embryogenesis zygote undergoes ______________________ and ___________________
Cell division and cell differentiation
An oviparous animal is one that produces______
eggs
____________ animals give birth to their young ones.
Viviparous
In oviparous animals like reptiles and birds, the fertilised eggs covered by hard _________
Calcareous shell
The ovary develops into the fruit which develops a thick, protective wall called
Pericarp
The period from birth to the natural death of an organism represents its ___.
life span
___ is defined as a biological process in which an
organism gives rise to young ones (offspring) similar to itself.
Reproduction
Life spans of organisms are not necessarily correlated with their ______
Sizes
In yeast the division of cells is______
unequal
__________ are the mode of asexual reproduction in sponge.
gemmules
Crows and parrots show wide difference in their _______
lifespans
Between mango and peepal tree, which one lives longer?
Peepal tree
Except single celled organism, what is certain for every other living organism?
death
No individual is immortal, except __________
Single-celled organisms.
The process in living organism that ensures continuity is________
reproduction
Conidia are asexual reproductive structures found in_________.
Penicillium
Crow has a lifespan of ______
15 years
Crocodile has a lifespan of _____
60 years
Life span of parrot is ____
140 years
The life span of butterfly spans from ________
1 to 2 weeks
Tortoise usually have a long lifespan that can range from _____ to _______ years.
100 to 150
Reproduction is defined as a _________ process in which an organism gives rise to young ones (offspring) similar to itself.
biological
There is a cycle of _____, _________ and death.
birth, growth
Asexual reproductive structures found in chlamydomonas are __________
zoospores
Reproduction enables the ________ of the species, generation after generation
continuity
Each organism has evolved its own mechanism to ________ and produce offspring.
multiply
