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Excretory products and their elimination Flashcards

1
Q

Which six things are accumulated by animals? Either by metabolic activities or by other means like excess ingestion.

A

Ammonia, urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, water and ions

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2
Q

The three major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by the animals are called

A

Ammonia, urea and uric acid

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3
Q

The most toxic nitrogenous form which requires large amounts of water for its elimination is

A

Ammonia

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4
Q

The least toxic nitrogenous form which can be removed with a minimum loss of water

A

Uric acid

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5
Q

The process of excreting ammonia is

A

Ammonotelism

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6
Q

Many bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are _______ in nature.

A

Ammonotelic

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7
Q

Ammonia is generally excreted by diffusion across body surfaces or through gill surfaces (in fish) as

A

Ammonium ions

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8
Q

_______ necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid for conservation of water.

A

Terrestrial adaptation

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9
Q

Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are called

A

Ureotelic animals

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10
Q

Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects excrete nitrogenous wastes as?

A

Uric acid

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11
Q

Nitrogenous waste like uric acid is excreted in the form of____

A

Pellet or paste

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12
Q

Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid is called

A

Uricotelic animals

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13
Q

What are the excretory structure in Planaria?

A

Protonephridia or flame cells

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14
Q

Protonephridia or flame cells are the excretory structures in ___,___,___ &___

A

Platyhelminthes, rotifers, some annelids and the cephalochordate – Amphioxus

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15
Q

Protonephridia are primarily concerned with ____ and _____ regulation i.e osmoregulation.

A

ionic, fluid volume

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16
Q

Ionic and fluid volume regulation known as?

A

osmoregulation-

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17
Q

The tubular excretory structure of earthworms & some annelids is called

A

Nephridia

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18
Q

The excretory structures of most of the insects including cockroaches is called

A

Malpighian tubules

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19
Q

Name the organ which performs the excretory structures in crustaceans like prawns.

A

Antennal glands or green glands

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20
Q

In humans, kidneys are situated between the levels of ________ thoracic and _________ lumbar vertebra.

A

last thoracic and third lumbar vertebra

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21
Q

Kidneys are situated close to the

A

Dorsal inner wall of the abdominal cavity

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22
Q

The length of each kidney of an adult human is

A

10-12 cm

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23
Q

The width of each kidney of an adult human is

A

5-7 cm

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24
Q

The thickness of each kidney of an adult human is

A

2-3 cm

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25
Q

The average weight of each kidney of an adult human

A

120-170 g

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26
Q

Towards the centre of the inner concave surface of the kidney is a notch called

A

hilum

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27
Q

Inner to the hilum is a broad funnel shaped space called

A

renal pelvis

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28
Q

Renal pelvis has projections called

A

calyces

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29
Q

There are two zones inside the kidney

A

an outer cortex and an inner medulla

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30
Q

The medulla is divided into a few conical masses are called

A

medullary pyramids

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31
Q

The cortex extends in between the medullary pyramids as renal columns is called

A

Columns of Bertini

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32
Q

How many complex tubular structures are present in each kidney?

A

One million

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33
Q

Complex tubular structures in kidneys called

A

nephrons

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34
Q

The functional units of kidney are

A

nephrons

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35
Q

Each nephron has two parts known as

A

the glomerulus and the renal tubule

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36
Q

A tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent arteriole

A

Glomerulus

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37
Q

Glomerulus is formed by

A

afferent arteriole

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38
Q

Afferent arterioleis a fine branch of _______ artery.

A

renal

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39
Q

Blood from the glomerulus is carried away by

A

efferent arteriole

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40
Q

The renal tubule begins with a double walled cuplike structure called

A

Bowman’s capsule

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41
Q

The glomerulus is enclosed by

A

Bowman’s capsule

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42
Q

Glomerulus along with Bowman’s capsule, is called the

A

malpighian body or renal corpuscle

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43
Q

The renal tubule continues further to form a highly coiled network known as

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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44
Q

The hairpin shaped part of the tubule is known as

A

Henle’s loop

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45
Q

Henle’s loop has a ____ & ____ limb.

A

descending and an ascending limb

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46
Q

The ascending limb continues as highly coiled tubular region called

A

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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47
Q

The DCTs of many nephrons open into a straight tube called

A

collecting duct

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48
Q

The Malpighian corpuscle, PCT and DCT of the nephron are situated in the ___ of the kidney.

A

cortical region

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49
Q

The loop of Henle of the nephron is situated in the ___ of the kidney.

A

medullary region

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50
Q

Nephrons in which the loop of Henle is too short and extends only very little into the medulla are called

A

cortical nephrons

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51
Q

Nephrons in which the loop of Henle is very long and runs deep into the medulla are called

A

juxta medullary nephrons

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52
Q

The efferent arteriole forms a fine capillary network around the renal tubule called

A

peritubular capillaries

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53
Q

A minute vessel of this network runs parallel to the Henle’s loop forming a

A

‘U’ shaped vasa recta

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54
Q

In which nephrons, vasa recta is absent or highly reduced?

A

cortical nephrons

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55
Q

What are the three main processes involved in Urine formation?

A

glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion

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56
Q

The first step in urine formation is?

A

filtration of blood

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57
Q

The first step in urine formation is carried out by

A

glomerulus

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58
Q

The filtration of blood is carried out by the glomerulus and is called

A

glomerular filtration

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59
Q

Amount of blood filtered by the kidneys per minute

A

1100-1200 ml

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60
Q

Blood filtered by the kidneys per minute constitute roughly ____ of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart in a minute.

A

1/5th

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61
Q

The glomerular capillary blood pressure causes filtration of blood through 3 layers

A

the endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, the epithelium of Bowman’s capsule and basement membrane between these two layers

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62
Q

The epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule called _______ are arranged in an intricate manner

A

podocytes

63
Q

Podocytes are arranged in an intricate manner so as to leave some minute spaces called

A

filtration slits or slit pores

64
Q

almost all the constituents of the plasma pass onto the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule except

A

proteins

65
Q

The amount of the filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute is called

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

66
Q

GFR in a healthy individual in a minute is approximately

A

125 ml/minute

67
Q

GFR in a healthy individual in a day is approximately

A

180 litres per day

68
Q

A special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact called

A

juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA)

69
Q

A fall in GFR can activate the JG cells to release

A

renin

70
Q

Which hormone can stimulate the glomerular blood flow and thereby the GFR back to normal?

A

renin

71
Q

Amount of urine released per day by an individual is

A

1.5 litres

72
Q

Nearly __ of the filtrate has to be reabsorbed by the renal tubules

A

99%

73
Q

The process of reabsorbing the filtrate by the renal tubule called

A

reabsorption

74
Q

Which cells in different segments of nephron perform reabsorption either by active or passive mechanisms?

A

tubular epithelial cells

75
Q

Substances like glucose, amino acids, Na+, etc, in the filtrate are reabsorbed by _______ transport.

A

active

76
Q

the nitrogenous wastes are absorbed by

A

passive transport

77
Q

Reabsorption of water in the initial segments of the nephron occurs

A

passively

78
Q

Name the three substances secreted by the tubular cells into the filtrate during urine formation

A

H+, K+and ammonia

79
Q

PCT is lined by _____ epithelium

A

simple cuboidal brush border epithelium

80
Q

What per cent of electrolytes and water are reabsorbed by PCT segment?

A

70-80 per cent

81
Q

PCT helps to maintain the ____ of the body fluids

A

pH and ionic balance

82
Q

PCT helps in the selective secretion of ___, ___ & ___ into the filtrate

A

hydrogen ions, ammonia and potassium ions

83
Q

Reabsorption is minimum in which segment of nephron?

A

ascending limb of henle’s Loop

84
Q

Ascending limb plays a significant role in the maintenance of

A

high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid

85
Q

The descending limb of loop of Henle is ____ to water

A

permeable

86
Q

The descending limb of loop of Henle is almost impermeable to ____

A

electrolytes

87
Q

The ascending limb is _____ to water

A

impermeable

88
Q

The ascending limb allows transport of electrolytes ____ or ____

A

actively or passively

89
Q

As the concentrated filtrate pass upward, it gets diluted due to the passage of electrolytes to the____

A

medullary fluid

90
Q

___ of Na+ and water takes place DCT

A

Conditional reabsorption

91
Q

Conditional reabsorption of ____ & ____ takes place in DCT

A

Na+and water

92
Q

DCT is also capable of reabsorption of ________and selective secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions.

A

HCO3–

93
Q

DCT is capable of selective secretion of

A

hydrogen and potassium ions and NH3

94
Q

Long duct extends from the cortex of the kidney to the inner parts of the medulla called

A

Collecting Duct

95
Q

Large amounts of water could be reabsorbed from Collecting Duct to produce a

A

concentrated urine

96
Q

Collecting Duct allows passage of small amounts of urea into the

A

medullary interstitium

97
Q

Collecting Duct plays a role in the maintenance of pH and ionic balance of blood by the selective secretion of

A

H+and K+ions

98
Q

Structures like ___ & ____ play a significant role in producing a concentrated urine in mammals

A

Henle’s loop and vasa recta

99
Q

The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle’s loop is in opposite directions and thus forms a

A

counter current-

100
Q

The flow of blood through the two limbs of vasa recta is in ___ pattern

A

counter current

101
Q

The proximity between the Henle’s loop and vasa recta, as well as the counter current in them help in maintaining an ____ towards the inner medullary interstitium

A

increasing osmolarity

102
Q

Osmolarity in the cortex

A

300 mOs mol L–1

103
Q

Osmolarity in the inner medulla

A

1200 mOs mol L–1

104
Q

Osmotic gradient is mainly caused by

A

NaCl and urea

105
Q

NaCl is transported by the______ which is exchanged with the _____

A

ascending limb of Henle’s loop; descending limb of vasa recta

106
Q

NaCl is returned to the interstitium by the

A

ascending portion of vasa recta

107
Q

Small amounts of urea enter the _____ of the ascending limb of Henle’s loop

A

thin segment

108
Q

Transport of substances facilitated by the special arrangement of Henle’s loop and vasa recta is called the

A

counter current mechanism

109
Q

Counter current mechanism helps to maintain a _____ in the medullary interstitium

A

concentration gradient

110
Q

Human kidneys can produce urine nearly ___ concentrated than the initial filtrate formed

A

four times

111
Q

The functioning of the kidneys is efficiently monitored and regulated by ____ mechanisms

A

hormonal feedback

112
Q

Hormonal feedback mechanisms which monitor and regulate the functioning of the kidneys involve

A

hypothalamus, JGA and to a certain extent, the heart

113
Q

Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by changes in ___, ____ & ___

A

blood volume, body fluid volume and ionic concentration

114
Q

An excessive loss of fluid from the body can activate osmoreceptors which stimulate the hypothalamus to release

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

115
Q

Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) is also known as

A

vasopressin

116
Q

The hypothalamus release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the

A

neurohypophysis

117
Q

ADH facilitates water reabsorption from latter parts of the tubule, thereby preventing

A

diuresis

118
Q

Increase in blood pressure can increase the _____ & thereby ____

A

glomerular blood flow & GFR

119
Q

A fall in glomerular blood flow/glomerular blood pressure/GFR can activate the

A

JG cells

120
Q

renin which converts _____in blood to angiotensin I and further to angiotensin II

A

angiotensinogen

121
Q

Angiotensin II is a powerful _____

A

vasoconstrictor

122
Q

Angiotensin II activates the ____ to release Aldosterone

A

adrenal cortex

123
Q

Aldosterone causes reabsorption of ___ & ___ from the distal parts of the tubule

A

Na+and water

124
Q

An increase in blood flow to the atria of the heart can cause the release of

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor(ANF)

125
Q

dilation of blood vessels called

A

vasodilation

126
Q

ANF can cause vasodilation and thereby decrease the ____

A

blood pressure

127
Q

ANF mechanism acts as a check on the______

A

renin-angiotensin mechanism

128
Q

Urine formed by the nephrons is ultimately carried to the_____

A

urinary bladder

129
Q

Urine is stored in urinary bladder till a voluntary signal is given by the_______

A

central nervous system

130
Q

The CNS passes on motor messages to initiate the relaxation of the _____ causing the release of urine

A

urethral sphincter

131
Q

The process of release of urine is called

A

micturition

132
Q

The neural mechanisms causing the process of release of urine is called

A

micturition reflex

133
Q

pH of urine

A

6

134
Q

On an average, what amount of urea is excreted out per day?

A

25-30 gm

135
Q

Analysis of urine helps in ___ of many metabolic disorders

A

clinical diagnosis

136
Q

The presence of glucose in urine is called

A

Glycosuria

137
Q

The presence of ketone bodies in urine is called

A

Ketonuria

138
Q

The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in urine are indicative of

A

diabetes mellitus-

139
Q

Which organs other than kidney help in the elimination of excretory wastes?

A

lungs, liver and skin

140
Q

What amount of CO2is removed by human lungs?

A

200mL/min

141
Q

The largest gland in our body is?

A

liver

142
Q

Name six bilecontaining substances secreted by Liver

A

bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs

143
Q

Name two glands in the skin which can eliminate certain substances through their secretions

A

sweat and sebaceous glands

144
Q

Name three substances present in the sweat

A

NaCl, small amounts of urea & lactic acid

145
Q

Name three substances eliminated by sebaceous glands

A

sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes

146
Q

Sebaceous glands eliminate certain substances through

A

sebum

147
Q

Malfunctioning of kidneys can lead to accumulation of urea in blood, a condition called

A

uremia

148
Q

Urea from the body can be removed by a process called

A

hemodialysis-

149
Q

During the process of haemodialysis, the blood drained from a convenient artery is pumped into a dialysing unit called

A

artificial kidney

150
Q

An anticoagulant which is added in the blood before pumping it into a dialysing unit

A

heparin

151
Q

The ultimate method in the correction of acute renal failures

A

Kidney transplantation

152
Q

Stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts (oxalates, etc) formed within the kidney

A

Renal calculi

153
Q

Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney

A

Glomerulonephritis

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