U4 AOS 1 Chp 6 Definitions

Question 1

disease

Answer 1

condition in a living animal or plant body that impairs the normal functioning of an organ, part, structure or system

Question 2

non-infectious/communicable disease

Answer 2

cannot spread from affected people to healthy people via the environment

Question 3

infectious/communicable disease

Answer 3

can be transmitted from one individual to another

Question 4

virulence

Answer 4

the ability of a pathogen to cause disease or geographic range over the past 20 years

Question 5

remerging disease

Answer 5

is a disease which reappears after a significant decline in its incidence

Question 6

zoonotic disease

Answer 6

disease passes from an animal to a human host

Question 7

emerging diseases

Answer 7

infectious diseases that are new to humans or have increased markedly in incidence in recent times

Question 8

endemic

Answer 8

diseases present at constant low levels in a population or region

Question 9

outbreak

Answer 9

sudden increase in the prevalance of a disease on a local level

Question 10

epidemic

Answer 10

when an infectious disease spreads rapidly through a nation and affects large numbers of people

Question 11

pandemic

Answer 11

a new kind of disease will appear and spread to other countries

Question 12

Reservoirs

Answer 12

habitat in which it lives, grows and multiplies

Question 13

Viruses

Answer 13

noncellular pathogens that cannot be replicated ins standard microbiological broths or on agar plates

Question 14

epidemiological triad model

Answer 14

used to explain the main components of disease causation

Question 15

gene probes

Answer 15

specifically designed probes that bind to specific genes

Question 16

Sequence analyses

Answer 16

involves determining the order of the sequence of nucleotides in the bacterial DNA

Question 17

Plasmid fingerprinting

Answer 17

involves using DNA profiling techniques to identify the genetic profiles of specific plasmids and thus determine a bacterial species and strain

Question 18

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 18

antibodies that are designed to have a specific antigen binding site

Question 19

ELISA

Answer 19

can detect antigens and antibodies and detect toxins specific to a pathogen

Question 20

Immunoluorescence

Answer 20

uses antibody with a fluorescent marker to bind to and detect a specific antigen or antibody in serum

Question 21

transmissions

Answer 21

occurs when a pathogen agent leaves its reservoir or host through a point of exit and is transmitted, entering a point of entry to infect a susceptible host

Question 22

patient 0/index case

Answer 22

1st individual to have a case of an infectious disease

Question 23

direct transmission

Answer 23

person to person contact, kissing or sexual contact

Question 24

Incubation

Answer 24

period ofter infection and before the first symptoms of a disease appear OR interval between a person’s exposure to a pathogen and the onset of disease symptoms

Question 25

asymptomatic carriers

Answer 25

sompe people can be infected by a pathogen but be in good health and never show any signs or symptoms of the disease

Question 26

R0 value

Answer 26

basic reproduction on the number that identifies the expected number of individuals a person with a certain disease will infect

Question 27

antibiotics

Answer 27

class of antimicrobrial drug that in low concentrations, inhibits the growth or kill microorganisms

Question 28

narrow spectrum

Answer 28

act against limited varitey of microorganism

Question 29

broad spectrum

Answer 29

acts against many different kinds of pathogens can be

Question 30

naturally produced

Answer 30

produced by other organisms

Question 31

semisynthetic

Answer 31

produced partially by chemical synthesis

Question 32

synthetic

Answer 32

produced wholly by chemical synthesis

Question 33

bacteriostatic

Answer 33

inhibiting growth

Question 34

bactericidal

Answer 34

directly killing

Question 35

antiviral drugs

Answer 35

type of medication used specifically for treating viral infection

Question 36

Vaccine

Answer 36

a suspension of microorganisms or pieces of them that is deliberately introduced into the body to protect against disease

Question 37

Live attenuated vaccine

Answer 37

involve a living microbe that has been weakened int eh lab, usually through repeated culturing

Question 38

inactivated/killed vaccines

Answer 38

contain microbes that have been inactivated by heat, radiation or chemical means

Question 39

subunit vaccines

Answer 39

made by growing the pathogen in the lab and chemically extracting the antigens or by using recombinant DNA technology

Question 40

toxoid vaccines

Answer 40

a type of recombinant subunit vaccine uses toxins inactivated by formalin to stimulate an adaptive immune response

Question 41

herd immunity

Answer 41

occurs when vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides some protection for individuals who have not developed immunity

Question 42

immunotherapy

Answer 42

strategies can be used to treat varying diseases involving altering the immune response to fight diseases like cancer and autoimmune disease

Question 43

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 43

relatively new class of drug that can be used in cancer and autoimmune disease treatment

Question 44

conjugated monoclonal antibodies

Answer 44

MAbs joined to a second molecule like chemotherapy drug or a radioisotope particle

Question 45

autoimmunity

Answer 45

occurs when T cells and or B cells are inappropriately activated resulting in an autoimmune disease