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175.101 Psychology as a Social Science > 20. Disorders > Flashcards

20. Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

The most common substance related disorder is ____.

A

alcoholism

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1
Q

____ ____ ____ are categorised by continued use of a substance (such as alcohol or cocaine) that negatively affects psychological and social functioning.

A

Substance related disorders

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2
Q

Research is clearly demonstrated both ____ ___ ____ contributions to alcoholism, although researchers are still trying to track down precisely how genetic transmission occurs in different individuals.

A

environmental and genetic

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3
Q

With ____, as with alcohol, substance use and abuse not synonymous, although for vulnerable individuals, use tends to lead to abuse.

A

marijuana

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4
Q

____ is an umbrella term for a number of psychotic disorders that involve disturbances and nearly every dimension of human psychology, including thought, perception, behaviour, language, communication and emotion.

A

Schizophrenia

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5
Q

Most forms of schizophrenia begin in the late ____ and early 20s.

A

teens

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6
Q

Preoccupation with delusions or auditory hallucinations. Little or no disorganised speech, disorganised or catatonic behaviour, or inappropriate or flat affect.

A

Paranoid type schizophrenia

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7
Q

All the following – disorganised speech, disorganised behaviour, and inappropriate or flat affect – are prominent in behaviour, but catatonic-type criteria are not meet. Delusions or hallucinations maybe present, but only in fragmentary or non-coherent form.

A

Disorganised type schizophrenia

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8
Q

At least two of the following: extreme motor immobility; purposeless excessive motor activity; extreme negativism (motionless resistance to all instructions) mutism (refusing to speak); peculiar or bizarre voluntary movement; echolalia (meaningless repetition of other people’s words).

A

Catatonic type schizophrenia

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9
Q

Does not fit any of the subtypes above, but meets the symptom criteria for schizophrenia.

A

Undifferentiated type schizophrenia

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10
Q

Has experienced at last one episode of schizophrenia, but currently does not have the prominent positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganise speech or behaviour). However, continues to show negative symptoms and milder variation of positive symptoms (odd beliefs, eccentric behaviour).

A

Residual type schizophrenia

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11
Q

Symptoms – false beliefs firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.

A

Delusions

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12
Q

Symptoms – perceptual experiences that distort or occur without external stimulation.

A

Hallucinations

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13
Q

Symptoms – the tendency of conscious thought to move on associative lines rather than to be controlled, logical and purposeful.

A

Loosening of associations

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14
Q

Schizophrenic symptoms can be categorised into ____ __ ____ symptoms.

A

positive and negative

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14
Q

____ symptoms – relatively chronic and include flat affect, lack of motivation, peculiar or withdrawn interpersonal behaviour and intellectual impairments. That called negative because they signal something missing, such as normal emotions.

A

Negative

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15
Q

____ symptoms – include disorganised (e.g. disordered thought and bizarre behaviour) and psychotic (e.g. delusions and hallucinations) symptoms. They are called positive symptoms because they reflect the presence of something not usually or previously there, such as delusions.

A

Positive

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16
Q

Theories - ____ of schizophrenia is at least 50%.

A

Heritability

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17
Q

Theories - Most theorists adopt a ____-____ model of schizophrenia.

A

diathesis-stress

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18
Q

Theories - ____ may also play a role, at least in some individuals with schizophrenia.

A

Glutamate

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19
Q

Theories - According to the ____ hypothesis, positive symptoms of schizophrenia reflect too much dopamine activity in the subcortical circuits involving the basal ganglia and limbic system, where is negative symptoms reflect too little ____ actively in the prefrontal cortex.

A

dopamine

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20
Q

Theories - ____ variables, notably expressed emotion (criticism, hostile interchanges and emotional overinvolvement by family members), play an important role in the onset and course of the disorder.

A

Environmental

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21
Q

Theories - Other data implicate abnormalities in the ____ __ ____ of the brain, such as enlarged ventricles and corresponding atrophy (degeneration) in the frontal and temporal lobes.

A

structure and function

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22
Q

____ ____ are characterised by disturbances and emotion and mood, including both depressed and manic states (characterised by symptoms such as abnormally elevated mood, grandiosity and racing thoughts).

A

Mood disorders

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23
Q

Theories - ____ __ ____ events that affect the developing nervous system my also be involved in some cases of schizophrenia.

A

Prenatal and perinatal

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24
Q

A less severe type of depression is ____ ____. It (or dysthymia) refers to a chronic low-level depression lasting more than 2 years, with intervals of normal moods that never last more than a few weeks or months.

A

Dysthymic disorder

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25
Q

____ ____ ____ is characterised by depressed mood and loss of interest and pleasurable activities.

A

Major depressive disorder

26
Q

A ____ episode, or mania, is characterised by a period of abnormally elevated or expansive mood.

A

manic

27
Q

In ____ ____, individuals have manic episodes and may also experience intense depression.

A

Bipolar disorder

28
Q

In ____ ____ disorder, mood and behaviour changes with regular seasonal climatic variation.

A

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

29
Q

____ ____, is a disorder in which the person experiences major depression but not mania.

A

Unipolar depression

30
Q

Theories of depression - ____ __ ____ have been implicated in both major depression and bipolar disorder.

A

Serotonin and Norepinephrine

31
Q

Theories of depression - Both childhood and adult ____ also play a significant role in the aetiology and course of mood disorders.

A

experiences

32
Q

Theories of depression - ____ ____ increase the vulnerability to depressive disorders, particularly major depression, and play a central role in the aetiology of bipolar disorder.

A

Genetic factors

33
Q

Theories of depression - Depressed people transform neutral or positive information into depressing cognitions through ____ ____.

A

COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS

34
Q

Theories of depression - According to psychodynamic theory, depressive symptoms, like other psychological symptoms, can be understood only in the context of the individuals ____ ____.

A

personality structure

35
Q

Theories of depression - Depression has it equivalents in all cultures, but the way people ____ __ ____ it varies considerably.

A

view and experience

36
Q

Theories of depression - According to cognitive theories, dysfunctional ____ ____ play a crucial role in depression.

A

thought patterns

37
Q

____ ____ ____ is characterised by persistent anxiety and excessive worry about life circumstances.

A

GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER

38
Q

In ____ ____, people experience frequent, intense and irrational anxiety.

A

Anxiety disorders

39
Q

Characterised by attacks of intense fear and feelings of doom or terror not justified by the situation.

A

Panic disorder

40
Q

A common type of ____ (irrational fear) is social ____, which occurs when the person is in a specific social or performance situation.

A

phobia

41
Q

Marked by recurrent obsessions (persistent thoughts and ideas) and compulsions (stereotype acts performed in response to an obsession).

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder

42
Q

Involves a fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult.

A

Agoraphobia

43
Q

Two ____ ____ are anorexia nervosa, in which the individual drops below 85% of ideal body weight because of refusal to eat, and bulimia, in which the person binges and then purges. Research on aetiology points to vulnerabilities caused by genetics, cultural norms for thinness and personality.

A

eating disorders

44
Q

____ ____ occur when people complain of pain, suffering or illness but no physical problems can be identified to explain their ailments.

A

Somatoform disorders

45
Q

Marked by flashbacks and recurrent thoughts of a psychologically distressing event outside the range of usual human experience.

A

Post traumatic stress disorder

46
Q

Characterised by a loss or significant change in a physical function without any physical problem to explain the condition.

A

Conversion disorder

47
Q

Occurs when people believe that they are suffering from an illness or ailment, even when there is no medical evidence to support that belief.

A

Hypochondriasis

48
Q

Characterised by disruptions in consciousness, memory, sense of identity or perception.

A

Dissociative disorder

49
Q

Dissociative disorders generally reflect a history of ____ ____.

A

severe trauma

50
Q

Two of the most common forms of somatoform disorder are ____ ____ and ____.

A

conversion disorder and hypochondriasis

51
Q

____ ____ are characterised by enduring maladaptive patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour that lead to chronic disturbances and interpersonal and occupational functioning.

A

Personality disorders

52
Q

Marked by extremely unstable interpersonal relationships, dramatic mood swings, an unstable sense of identity, intense feelings of separation and abandonment, manipulativeness, impulsive behaviour and self-mutilating behaviour.

A

Borderline personality disorder

53
Q

Marked by irresponsible and socially disruptive behaviour.

A

Antisocial personality disorder

54
Q

In dissociative identity disorder, at least two distinct ____ exist within the person.

A

personalities

55
Q

Distrust and suspiciousness

A

Paranoid Personality disorder

56
Q

Plays a role in some personality disorders, as does childhood experiences such as abuse and neglect.

A

Genetics

57
Q

Acute discomfort in close relationships; cognitive or perceptual distortions; eccentricity

A

Schizotypal Personality disorder

58
Q

Disregard for and violation of the rights of others

A

Antisocial Personality disorder

59
Q

Detachment from social relationships; restricted range of emotional expression

A

Schizo Personality disorder

60
Q

Excessive emotionality and attention seeking

A

Histrionic Personality disorder

61
Q

Grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy

A

Narcissistic Personality disorder

62
Q

Impulsivity and instability in interpersonal relationships, self-concept and emotion

A

Borderline Personality disorder

63
Q

Submissive and clinging behaviour and excessive need to be taken care of

A

Dependent Personality disorder

64
Q

Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control

A

Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder

65
Q

Social inhibition and avoidance; feelings of inadequacy; hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

A

Avoidant Personality disorder

175.101 Psychology as a Social Science (33 decks)

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