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EANS > Functional anatomy > Flashcards

Functional anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical findings after a thalamoperforating artery emboli?

A

decreased level of alertness due to the VA nucleus of thalamus that is försörjd by this artery projecting to large areas of the frontal lobe.

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2
Q

Symtoms of vestibular nuclei injury?

A
  • vertigo
  • nystagmus
  • nausea and vomiting
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3
Q

Clinical signs of injury to the trigeminal spinal nucleus and tract?

A

The effect is numbness. -
The spinal trigeminal nucleus is a nucleus in the medulla that receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and temperature from the ipsilateral face.
In addition to the trigeminal nerve (CN V), the facial (CN VII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), and vagus nerves (CN X) also convey pain information from their areas

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4
Q

Clinical signs of injuries to the sympathetic fibres?

A

Horners sign ipsilaterally

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5
Q

Signs of injury to the lateral spinothalamic tract

A

contralateral limb numbness

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6
Q

Signs of injuries to the pontomedullary tegmentum

A

Ipsilateral deafness and facial paralysis

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7
Q

What big vessel is the most common to create CN VII compression?

A

AICA

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8
Q

what are the three fasciculus that encompass the middle cerebellar peduncle called?

A

The inferior, the superior and the deep.

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9
Q

The middle cerebellar peduncles are paired structures entirely encompassed by centripetal fibres. They run between 2 main places/structures. What structures?

A

Between pontine nuclei and the contralateral cerebellar cortex.

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10
Q

What vessel supply the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles respectively?

A

*SCA
* AICA
* PICA

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11
Q

Which artery is the most common to be responsible for compression of CN V?

A

SCA

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12
Q

Where is the bladder reflex coordination situated?

A

In locus coerulius in pons

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13
Q

What muscle is supposed to involuntarily contract when the bladder is distended and what muscle is supposed to relax?

A

The detrusor muscle contract and the inner sphincter relax, run by parasympathetic innervation from locus coerelius.

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14
Q

What type of innervation allows the detrusor mucle to contract and the inner sphincter to relax?

A

Parasympathetic fibres. (Ach from the pelvic splanchnic nerve through synapse in the detrusor muscle wall ganglia innervate contraction)

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15
Q

How is the bladder generally allowed to be relaxed when not distended?

A

Sympathetic fibers heavily innervate the bladder neck and trigone.

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16
Q

What receptor is active in bladder neck and trigonum closure to let the bladder fill?

A

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors.

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17
Q

What receptors are active to stimulate detrusor muscle relaxation and allow filling of the bladder?

A

Beta-3 adrenergic receptors.

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18
Q

What two important features does the pelvic nerve have to allow detrusor relaxation and bladder neck/trigonum contraction during filling of the bladder?

A

The pelvic nerve carries sympathetic fibers and stimulate Alpha adrenergic receptors in the neck/trigonum and Beta-3 adrenergic receptors in the detrusor muscle.

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19
Q

What parts of the brain are suppressing the bladder reflex; innervating the external sphincter of the bladder and inhibiting the detrusor muscle by somatic voluntary control through the pyramidal tract and pudendal nerve?

A

Medial frontal cortex and the genu of corpus callosum.

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20
Q

What spinal tract serves for voluntary contraction of the external sphincter?

A

The pyramidal tract

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21
Q

What problem with the bladder might come from cortical lesions?

A

Urgency incontinence

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22
Q

What nerve is the parasympathetic innervating of the bladder? Where is its ganglia situated?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerve and ganglia in the detrusor musclewall.

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23
Q

How can the parasympathetic ganglia in the bladder-detrusor-m be targeted in case of cortical urgency incontinence?

A

Anticholinergic medicins and botox may be used to inhibit exitation of the Ach nerves of the involuntary contraction.

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24
Q

HOw does the voluntary nerve circuit work for bladder control and what is its primary goal?

A

Goal - only to maintain continence due to residual pressure or short term.
Medial Frontal cortex/genu of corpus callosum.—-pyramidal tract—synapse in S2-S4—pudendal nerve—external sphincter. The external sphincter opens by reflex when the internal sphincter relax and needs to be activated by cortical control.

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25
Q

What is the dual stream model?

A

Its a language-speech model.

26
Q

What is area 1 and 2 in “dual stream”?

A

1= primary auditoy areas -initial processing of language.
2= anterior and middle temporal lobe.

Together involved in speech recognition and lexical concepts.

27
Q

What is area 3, 4 and 5 in dual stream ?

A

3= wernickes area (subserved language “reception”-“fluent aphasia”)
4= premotor cortex
5= Brocas area (motor speech-expressive aphasia annoying for the pt)

28
Q

What is the venral stream of “dual stream”

A

Ventral stream =
Bilateral - both hemispheres involved. information send from area 1 (primary auditory areas) to area 2 (anterior and middle temporal lobe) and back - speech recognition and lexical concept.

29
Q

What is the dorsal stream of the “dual stream concept”?

A

Primarily in only the dominant hemisphere.
It maps phonological information onto motor areas (region 4 and 5). Region 3 (Wernickes area) is also involved in the dorsal stream.

30
Q

What role has the arcuate fasciculus in speech?

A

“Conduction aphasia” was classically considered to be related to damage to the arcuate fasciculus.

31
Q

Lesions of bladder functions above the brainstem give a special type of problem. Which?

A

A depletion of the pontine refelx centre makes a constant feeling of urgency and sometimes leackage.

32
Q

How is supraspinal bladder dysfunction treated?

A
  1. Anticholinergic treatment to stop the pelvic splanchnic nerve innervation of detrusor.
  2. Timed voiding.
33
Q

What three -different!- nerves are involved in bladder funtion?

A
  1. Filling of bladder - sympathethic fibers (adrenergic) in the Pelvic nerve
  2. Emptying of the bladder - Parasympathetic (Ach) fibers in the pelvic splanchnic nerve
  3. Voluntary inhibition of emptying - Somatic motor nerves through the pudendal nerve.
34
Q

What is the neurotransmittor of UPPER motor neurons?

A

Glutamate.

35
Q

What is the neurotransmittor of lower MOTOR neurons and what receptor is functioning?

A

Ach on nicotine receptor.

36
Q

What is the neurotransmittor of the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons and trough WHAT receptor?

A

Ach. Muscarinic AchR.

37
Q

Which is the neurotransmittor and through what receptor is presynaptic to postsynaptic signals transmitted in the sympathetic AND parasympatetic NS?

A

Ach through Nicotin-AchR

38
Q

What is the effect of cholinergic stimuli through Nicotine-AchR in the immune system?

A

It regulate inflammatory processes and signal through distinct intracellular pathways.

39
Q

Which are the neurotransmittors of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

A

Epinephrine (adrenalin) and Norepinephrine.

40
Q

What are the 5 major adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha 1, 2.
Beta 1, 2 and 3.

41
Q

where are beta 1 receptors localized?

A

in the myocardium

42
Q

Where are beta 2 receptors localized?

A

In the bronchioles of the lungs and the arteries of skeletal muscles.

43
Q

where are beta 3 receptors localized?

A

Gallbladder, urinary bladder and brown adipose tissue. Cause relaxation of the bladder. the rest is basically unknown.

44
Q

What is the function of stimulation of beta receptors?

A

the Beta 1 receptor cause contraction and the beta 2 receptor cause relaxation ( of smooth muscles).

45
Q

What is a common name for NE and E?

A

catecholamines.

46
Q

What receptors does epinephrine bind to?

A

All alpha and beta receptor. It is nonselective.

47
Q

will Beta 1 receptor activation cause increased or decreased heart rate and contractility?

A

Increased. When activated it increases SA nodal activation and AV nodal as well as ventricular muscular firing.
The stroke volume and cardiac output will increase.

48
Q

What does Alpha 1, 2 and 3 receptors do and where are they localized?

A

Alpha 1- Cause smooth muscle relaxation. -Vasculature, prostate, urethral sphincter, pylorus etc.
Alpha 2- Found on presynaptic nerve terminals and inhibit further NE release.

49
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for Nicotine receptors?

A

Ach

50
Q

Where are nicotine-Ach receptors localized?

A

In the CNS and PNS.

51
Q

Where are muscarinic-Ach receptors localized?

A

They act as the main end-receptor stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system.

52
Q

what is the exclusive neurotransmittor in the autonomic ganglion?

A

Ach. (exitation by nicotine ach R, ((((relaxation by muscarinic ach R))))))

53
Q

What does snake venom alfa-neurotoxin do to the body?

A

It bind antagonistically to nicotine AchR and block action at the postsynaptic membrane and inhibitit ion flow and induce paralysis and death.

54
Q

what is nicotine-Ach R involved in, in Habenula?

A

its involved in the limbic circuit between the limbic forebrain and the midbrain.

55
Q

What are nicotine-Ach R involed in in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra?

A

Its important in drug behaviour due to its role in DOPAMINE release.

56
Q

What is the most common bladder problem in patients with spina bifida (spinal dysraphism)

A

Most have an areflexive bladder and open bladder neck. - The bladder fills until the resting residual external sphncter pressure is exceeded and then leakage occur.

57
Q

What eye-problem might occur with anticholinergic drugs?

A

If tendency to glaucoma, mydriasis might occur.

58
Q

What are symptoms of anticholinergic overdose?

A

*Red as a beet
*Dry as a stone
*Hot as a stove
*Mad as a hatter

59
Q

What effect has Botox on Ach?

A

It inhibits Ach exocytosis from postganglionic nerves to muscarinic receptors.
- Good use in neuropathic bladders.

60
Q

Where is the injury in long term memory deficits?

A

mesial temporal lobe.

61
Q

What is the triangle of Guillan-Mollaret?

A

Olivary nucleus
Dentate nucleus
Red nucleus

EANS (31 decks)

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