Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

linking two stimuli, or events that occur together

A

associative learning

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2
Q

responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event

A

non-associative learning

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3
Q

acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior (ex social)

A

observational learning

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4
Q

decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimuli
no longer bothered by a certain thing, noise, etc (like an annoying person or click)

A

habituation

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5
Q

increase in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimuli
the clicking of something is annoying you, distracts you, and does not fade away into the background

A

sensitization

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6
Q

we learning predictive associations through conditioning

A

associative

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7
Q

S -> R (stimulus to response)
a stimulus predicts another stimulus and results in response

A

classical conditioning

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8
Q

◦ a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response
◦ Pavlovs Dogs
‣ when dogs see food bowls they salivate, they associate the bowls with feed time so they immediately start to salivate

A

Pavlovian Conditioning

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9
Q

a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are paired to produce a reflex

A

conditioning trials

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10
Q

elicits no response prior to conditioning
bell ringing before conditioning for dogs (no response at first when bell was rung with no food)

A

neutral stimulus

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11
Q

elicits a response with no conditioning (natural)
showing bowl of food to dog

A

unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

natural or innate response to US
dog natural action to salivate to food (US)

A

unconditioned response

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13
Q

previously NS that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
the bell (NS) rung with food(US)

A

conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

learned response to a previously NS that is now the CS
when bell was rung after conditioning, the dog salivated

A

conditioned response

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15
Q

a gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
‣ CR is stronger when there is a brief delay between the presentation of the CS and US

A

acquisition

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16
Q

a process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus

A

extinction

17
Q

what happens to spontaneous recovery every time the behavior is recovered

A

weaker

18
Q

◦ a CS becomes associated with other stimuli associated with the US.

A

second order conditioning

19
Q

learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produced the conditioned response

A

stimulus generalization

20
Q

a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned response

A

stimulus discrimination

21
Q

◦ the association between eating and getting sick
‣ a response occurs even if the illness was caused by a virus or some other condition
‣ this is especially likely to occur if the food was not part of the persons usual diet

A

food aversion

22
Q
  • R -> S
    • some response/behavior results in a stimulus/outcome
    • training techniques
    • a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that will be performed in the future
A

operant conditioning

23
Q

who created the law of effect

A

Edward Throndike

24
Q

any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again and any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again

A

Law of Effect

25
Q

a stimulus that follows a response increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

A

reinforcer

26
Q

◦ chose the term operant to express the idea that animals operate on their environments to produce effects
◦ under the influence of Thorndike
◦ believed that behavior occurs because it has reinforced

A

B.F skinner

27
Q

‣ satisfy biological needs
* food, water, sex

A

Primary Reinforcement

28
Q

‣ events or objects established through classical conditioning that serve as reinforcers but do not satisfy basic needs
* money, compliments

A

Secondary Reinforcement

29
Q

a stimulus that follows a response and decreases/reduces the likelihood that a response will be repeated

A

punishment

30
Q

appetitive stimuli present, stimulus presented, increases the likelihood of the behavior
something is added to encourage the behavior

A

positive reinforcement

31
Q

aversive stimuli present, stimulus is presented, decreases the likelihood of the behavior
something is added to discourage behavior

A

positive punishment

32
Q

aversive stimuli taken away
stimulus is removed, increases the likelihood of behavior
something is removed to encourage behavior

A

negative reinforcement

33
Q

appetitive stimuli is taken away
stimulus is removed, decreases the likelihood of behavior
something is removed to discourage behavior

A

negative punishment

34
Q

◦ a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

A

continuous reinforcement

35
Q

◦ a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently
◦ can be administered according to the number of behavioral responses or the amount of time that has passed

A

partial reinforcement

36
Q

a certain amount of time has passed
reinforcement is a reward schedule when a reward is delivered after a specific number of responses

A

fixed ratio

37
Q

irregular amount of time has passed
reinforcement applies an award after varying numbers of times a target behavior has occured, causes a randomness effect where people do not know when the reward will come

A

variable ratio

38
Q

a certain number of responses have been made
reward behavior after set period of time, for example john works at a wendys and gets paid every two weeks

A

fixed interval

39
Q

irregular/unpredictable amount of responses have been made

A

variable interval