Research

Question 1

2 types of criterion-related validity

Answer 1

concurrent and predictive

Question 2

what does validity test?

Answer 2

the strength of the relationships between your outcome (e.g. KAP), what the behaviours are associated with that outcome (e.g. well-informed, have no stigma) and the assessment of those behaviours (KAP test)

Question 3

what is the 10/90 gap

Answer 3

Idea found in 1900 that 10% of funding is going to diseases that make up 90% of the GBD - so most disease in LMICs were not being funded, even though these cause the greatest deaths

Today, these diseases only account for 45% of the GBD, not 90%

Question 4

sequential multiple assignment randomized trials (SMART)

Answer 4

adaptive interventions where you change the intervention when you see non-response

Question 5

TIDieR

Answer 5

Template for Intervention Description and Replication

Checklist to improve the completeness of reporting, and ultimately the replicability, of interventions because papers were being too vague and useless.

Question 6

content validity

Answer 6

is it comprehensive? does it cover all the things associated with that property?

e.g. a KAP test without any questions on knowledge would have low content validity

Question 7

sensitivity

Answer 7

the ability to corrently identify patients with a disease

Question 8

p-value

Answer 8

The probability of seeing the observed result assuming the null hypothesis is correct.  

The p value is the evidence against a null hypothesis. The smaller the p-value, the stronger the evidence that you should reject the null hypothesis.

Question 9

summative evaluation

Answer 9

aims to understand the impact of the intervention and its implementation at the end of the study. Whilst formative evaluations seek to improve implementation, xx evaluations seek to look more broadly, often including economic evaluations

Question 10

concurrent validity

Answer 10

is there a relationship between your test and another previously validated test?

e.g. your new measurement for intelligence and an IQ test show the same results = strong concurrent validity

Question 11

epilepsy is a neurological condition that affects the _____

Answer 11

nervous system.

Question 12

predictive validity

Answer 12

can our test predict future outcomes?

e.g. does your KAP test allow us to make predictions about how supportive you will be towards PWE

Question 13

Which is largest? Pubmed, Medline or Embase

Answer 13

Embase

Then PubMed, then Medline

Question 14

construct validity

Answer 14

does this (instrument or experiment) measure what it is supposed to measure?

does this construct represent real-life situations?

Question 15

scoping review

Answer 15

a type of evidence synthesis you do before a systematic review to determine how much research is out there and to find knowledge gaps 

scoping reviews help decide if you should do a systematic review and what the specific systematic review question should be

Question 16

Which databases include Medline?

Answer 16

Embase and Pubmed

Question 17

what types of seizures are there?

Answer 17

focal, generalised or unknown onset

Question 18

face validity

Answer 18

does it look like it measures the property at the surface level? It appears to be related. 

e.g. KAP test looks like it has the appearance that would tell us something about KAP

Question 19

criterion-related validity

Answer 19

is the assessment related to some other criteria? Is there a relationship with other outcomes?

e.g. is there a relationship between KAP test results and behaving like someone who doesn’t stigmatise.

Question 20

which is more structured, a literature review or a scoping review?

Answer 20

scoping review

Question 21

validity

Answer 21

are we assessing what we want to assess

Question 22

5 main constructs of CFIR

Answer 22

intervention characteristics, 

outer setting, 

inner setting, 

character of individuals and 

process

Question 23

telemedicine

Answer 23

caring for patients remotely via electronic devices.

Question 24

definition of epilepsy

Answer 24

at least 2 unprovoked seizures occuring more than 24 hours apart

Question 25

formative evaluation

Answer 25

like a process evaluation but with feedback and the aim to change and improve during the study

Question 26

confounder

Answer 26

associated with the independent and dependent (outcome) variable but not on the casual pathway. 

an extra variable that you didn’t account for, creating a hidden effect.¬†

e.g. lack of exercise –> weight gain

how much people eat could be a confounder as that would also add to weight gain

Question 27

selection bias

Answer 27

people in your study differ from the population of interest i.e. not representative

Question 28

three most common types of quasi-experimental designs

Answer 28

1. uncontrolled before and after studies

2. time series designs

3. controlled before and after studies

Question 29

social desireability bias

Answer 29

subjects choose responses they think researchers want to hear or know are the ‘right’ answer

Question 30

specificity

Answer 30

the ability to correctly identify people without the disease

Question 31

spurious

Answer 31

not genuine, not true

Question 32

model

Answer 32

simplified depiction of a more complex world

Question 33

convulsive seizures are also known as ___ and involve ___

Answer 33

generalised tonic-clonic seizures

whole body shaking movements and loss of consciousness

Question 34

impedance

Answer 34

the amount of opposition to an electrical current i.e. how much it impedes, hinders, delays the electrical current in a circuit. High impendence will mean poor signal quality

Question 35

seizures may be casued by…

Answer 35

brain injury, genetics, brain structure, etc.

Question 36

process evaluation

Answer 36

observational research on how an intervention is being implemented. No feedback for how to improve.

Question 37

test-retest reliability

Answer 37

a way to see if your survey is consisten over time. 

get people to take your survey, then when a while, then get them to do it again - compare the scores.

Question 38

moderator / effect modifier

Answer 38

the size of the effect on A –> B

e.g. length of time on instagram –> increased social comparison but the effect of the social comparison is moderated by your self-esteem. If you have high self-esteem, the effect of social comparison will be less.

Question 39

noramalisation process theory

Answer 39

theory of how innovation is accepted - study of culture

Question 40

mediator

Answer 40

causal relationship where A –> M –> B, so the xx can produce changes to the outcome variable.¬†

e.g. being hungry –> passive aggressive (M) –> argument with friend

being hungry doesn’t lead to arguments with your friend, your passive aggresive mood does.

Question 41

routine data

Answer 41

data collected at regular intervals

Question 42

what are the two components that make up the h-index

Answer 42

quantity of papers published

quality of papers published (measured by number of citations)

Question 43

pseudoanonymised data

Answer 43

potentially identifiable as data may be attributed to an individual if linkage information can be accessed elsewhere by researchers.

e.g. replacing names with numbers but being able to access names on a different document

Question 44

within subject comparison

Answer 44

Subjects are assessed before and after an

intervention and results analysed in terms of within subject changes

All participants get every treatment.

Question 45

thematic analysis

Answer 45

v common type of qualitative analysis where you identify patterns (‘themes’) in the data

Question 46

the NASSS framework

Answer 46

Trisha Greenhalgh’s work

non-adoption, abandonment, scale-up, spread and sustainability 

framework to assess the failures of tech implementation

Question 47

seizure

Answer 47

abnormal neural activity in the brain resulting in uncontrollowed shaking with loss of consciousness (tonic-clonic) to subtle momentary loss of awareness (absence seizures).

Question 48

name all the implementation outcomes

Answer 48

acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, costs, feasibility, fidelity, sustainability

Question 49

sampling bias

Answer 49

some people are more likely to be selected in the sample than others 

Question 50

what are the two things that cause statistical heterogeniety in systematic reviews/meta-analyses?

Answer 50

clinical diversity 

methodological diversity

Question 51

what does it mean if the dymond in a forest plot is on the line

Answer 51

there is uncertainty, it is not clearly on one side