Research Flashcards

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1
Q

2 types of criterion-related validity

A

concurrent and predictive

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2
Q

what does validity test?

A

the strength of the relationships between your outcome (e.g. KAP), what the behaviours are associated with that outcome (e.g. well-informed, have no stigma) and the assessment of those behaviours (KAP test)

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3
Q

what is the 10/90 gap

A

Idea found in 1900 that 10% of funding is going to diseases that make up 90% of the GBD - so most disease in LMICs were not being funded, even though these cause the greatest deaths

Today, these diseases only account for 45% of the GBD, not 90%

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4
Q

sequential multiple assignment randomized trials (SMART)

A

adaptive interventions where you change the intervention when you see non-response

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5
Q

TIDieR

A

Template for Intervention Description and Replication

Checklist to improve the completeness of reporting, and ultimately the replicability, of interventions because papers were being too vague and useless.

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6
Q

content validity

A

is it comprehensive? does it cover all the things associated with that property?

e.g. a KAP test without any questions on knowledge would have low content validity

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7
Q

sensitivity

A

the ability to corrently identify patients with a disease

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8
Q

p-value

A

The probability of seeing the observed result assuming the null hypothesis is correct.  

The p value is the evidence against a null hypothesis. The smaller the p-value, the stronger the evidence that you should reject the null hypothesis.

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9
Q

summative evaluation

A

aims to understand the impact of the intervention and its implementation at the end of the study. Whilst formative evaluations seek to improve implementation, xx evaluations seek to look more broadly, often including economic evaluations

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10
Q

concurrent validity

A

is there a relationship between your test and another previously validated test?

e.g. your new measurement for intelligence and an IQ test show the same results = strong concurrent validity

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11
Q

epilepsy is a neurological condition that affects the _____

A

nervous system.

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12
Q

predictive validity

A

can our test predict future outcomes?

e.g. does your KAP test allow us to make predictions about how supportive you will be towards PWE

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13
Q

Which is largest? Pubmed, Medline or Embase

A

Embase

Then PubMed, then Medline

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14
Q

construct validity

A

does this (instrument or experiment) measure what it is supposed to measure?

does this construct represent real-life situations?

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15
Q

scoping review

A

a type of evidence synthesis you do before a systematic review to determine how much research is out there and to find knowledge gaps 

scoping reviews help decide if you should do a systematic review and what the specific systematic review question should be

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16
Q

Which databases include Medline?

A

Embase and Pubmed

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17
Q

what types of seizures are there?

A

focal, generalised or unknown onset

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18
Q

face validity

A

does it look like it measures the property at the surface level? It appears to be related. 

e.g. KAP test looks like it has the appearance that would tell us something about KAP

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19
Q

criterion-related validity

A

is the assessment related to some other criteria? Is there a relationship with other outcomes?

e.g. is there a relationship between KAP test results and behaving like someone who doesn’t stigmatise.

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20
Q

which is more structured, a literature review or a scoping review?

A

scoping review

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21
Q

validity

A

are we assessing what we want to assess

22
Q

5 main constructs of CFIR

A

intervention characteristics, 

outer setting, 

inner setting, 

character of individuals and 

process

23
Q

telemedicine

A

caring for patients remotely via electronic devices.

24
Q

definition of epilepsy

A

at least 2 unprovoked seizures occuring more than 24 hours apart

25
Q

formative evaluation

A

like a process evaluation but with feedback and the aim to change and improve during the study

26
Q

confounder

A

associated with the independent and dependent (outcome) variable but not on the casual pathway. 

an extra variable that you didn’t account for, creating a hidden effect.¬†

e.g. lack of exercise –> weight gain

how much people eat could be a confounder as that would also add to weight gain

27
Q

selection bias

A

people in your study differ from the population of interest i.e. not representative

28
Q

three most common types of quasi-experimental designs

A

1. uncontrolled before and after studies

2. time series designs

3. controlled before and after studies

29
Q

social desireability bias

A

subjects choose responses they think researchers want to hear or know are the ‘right’ answer

30
Q

specificity

A

the ability to correctly identify people without the disease

31
Q

spurious

A

not genuine, not true

32
Q

model

A

simplified depiction of a more complex world

33
Q

convulsive seizures are also known as ___ and involve ___

A

generalised tonic-clonic seizures

whole body shaking movements and loss of consciousness

34
Q

impedance

A

the amount of opposition to an electrical current i.e. how much it impedes, hinders, delays the electrical current in a circuit. High impendence will mean poor signal quality

35
Q

seizures may be casued by…

A

brain injury, genetics, brain structure, etc.

36
Q

process evaluation

A

observational research on how an intervention is being implemented. No feedback for how to improve.

37
Q

test-retest reliability

A

a way to see if your survey is consisten over time. 

get people to take your survey, then when a while, then get them to do it again - compare the scores.

38
Q

moderator / effect modifier

A

the size of the effect on A –> B

e.g. length of time on instagram –> increased social comparison but the effect of the social comparison is moderated by your self-esteem. If you have high self-esteem, the effect of social comparison will be less.

39
Q

noramalisation process theory

A

theory of how innovation is accepted - study of culture

40
Q

mediator

A

causal relationship where A –> M –> B, so the xx can produce changes to the outcome variable.¬†

e.g. being hungry –> passive aggressive (M) –> argument with friend

being hungry doesn’t lead to arguments with your friend, your passive aggresive mood does.

41
Q

routine data

A

data collected at regular intervals

42
Q

what are the two components that make up the h-index

A

quantity of papers published

quality of papers published (measured by number of citations)

43
Q

pseudoanonymised data

A

potentially identifiable as data may be attributed to an individual if linkage information can be accessed elsewhere by researchers.

e.g. replacing names with numbers but being able to access names on a different document

44
Q

within subject comparison

A

Subjects are assessed before and after an

intervention and results analysed in terms of within subject changes

All participants get every treatment.

45
Q

thematic analysis

A

v common type of qualitative analysis where you identify patterns (‘themes’) in the data

46
Q

the NASSS framework

A

Trisha Greenhalgh’s work

non-adoption, abandonment, scale-up, spread and sustainability 

framework to assess the failures of tech implementation

47
Q

seizure

A

abnormal neural activity in the brain resulting in uncontrollowed shaking with loss of consciousness (tonic-clonic) to subtle momentary loss of awareness (absence seizures).

48
Q

name all the implementation outcomes

A

acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, costs, feasibility, fidelity, sustainability

49
Q

sampling bias

A

some people are more likely to be selected in the sample than others 

50
Q

what are the two things that cause statistical heterogeniety in systematic reviews/meta-analyses?

A

clinical diversity 

methodological diversity

51
Q

what does it mean if the dymond in a forest plot is on the line

A

there is uncertainty, it is not clearly on one side